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https://www.antipodean-antinuclearism.org/files/original/62dfb49e2e6b38d58a9ab61536132136.pdf
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�28
undiluted anarchism); holistic and tribal means (as, obversely, utterly individualistic ones) are
anarchistically admissible.
The connections can be made in this way:- If there is no head, top or centre, how are
political affairs structured? A standard anarchist response-not essential for mathematical
structure, but incorporated in the modem definition of anarchism-is organisation (of course)
by acceptable means, by noncoercive, nonauthoritarian organisation, what is typically expanded
to voluntary and cooperative organisation. Features of this response will be elaborated in what
follows (starting in the next chapter).
~
5. With in anarkism: green and deep-green anarkism.
~
/\-
1¥ short, a green position or theory is one that reflects sufficient commitment to
environmental causes, with that commitment shown in relevant positive action. Even more
briefly, what is required for such greenness (gre-eenness) is this: environmental commitment
manifested in suitable action. 28
A deep-green theory, is a green theory, that is one reflecting sufficient commitment to
environmental causes, which exhibits depth, roughly some items, notably natural items, that do
not answer back to human interests are valuable in themselves and human interests do not
always predominate. 29 A deep-green political theory is a political theory of this deep-green
sort.
Deep green agents do not have to attempt anything in an explicitly political direction, even
though they have to attempt something for environmental causes. They can live as part of a
minority, as many do, watching what they value degraded or destroyed. They are committed,
in principle (only), to reform. There is no commitment to radicalism. But if such greens wish
to retain enough of what they value, they will have, sooner or later, to become involved in
-------
political issues, in more than merely reformist ways.
!J..,+ 0
..ilfvl
j\ is a m11fatter of completeness, deep-green theory~is bound to touc~/ at leastj; upon
r::'"'
-::i:;,
/./ow,t,-.J~
polit ical issues. B:a.t,\deep-green theory does not, itsel~ force a particular form of political
theory, certainly not anarchoid forms. Rather such forms present appealing options, especially
given the deep-green inadequacy of mere small and marginal variations upon prevailing
unjustified state arrangements. While some, important changes may be achieved in reformist
ways, they are unlikely to do enough. They are for more likely to be, what virtually all
•• idence, suggests: too little, too late.
28
A full account of greenness is easily accessible in GE. So the many elaborating details are not spelt out
here. An overlapping detail also offered in GI.
29
Again these features have been explained in detail elsewhere, esp OOE, also GE.
,/4 11:
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29
sees
1
----- - - - l;.11n3 .,.,,t.
p1~11a -;_/,;,,
A popular illusion Jla5 Are political structures as satisfactory, the problem ~ the players
who occupy critical niches, a problem that can be solved by rendering these players suitably
green. 30 Hence the call for greener politicians, and extensive efforts to green up''those that are
~o/
there. This assumes that the players are independant of the niches they occupy, instead of that
the players are partially shaped by the niches they occupy.
(Persons can be seen as
constitlf.[ted, in important part, by the roles they occupy). Rather to obtain virtuous green
policy makers and controllers, changes in political structures into which they ~,,,.- appear
/ slut
necessary. In these terms, present structures are inadequate; significant structural change is part
of what is required, again going further than straightforward reform.
It may already be evident that the fuzzy reformist/radical divide does not correspond to the
shallower/deep distlic tion of green positions and actors. As it happens, leading deep ecologists
;;..
e'i
,,;-shMtJ'
who tend not to be enyironmentally deep, are political radical, and in~l~ding Bila committed to
I
o.l• q)
"eco-anarchism" (' 13's "munipal liberterianism"). By contrast some deep-green theorists
(myself included) aim both for environmental depth and political radicalness. However deep<le-f,;,i~\,
(>,S~c~ l
green theory represents a plurallism, of which political radicalism
,.. is,\not an-~··· feature. In any
case, radicalism does not exclude judicious reformist activity of support of reformist measures
(and it is remotely possible that some regions ~ ould just get very 1i ckm:g in reforms). So too
~
while anarchical investigations are politically radical, a good deal of P1at is this ....... may be of
relevance to reformist green theory, both theory and methods.
Like most political theory, green theory spans a range from practical, getting things done
within prevailing arrangements, to highly theoretical, such as envisaging superior organisation
(postponing questions as to how to get from here to there). The present investigations
(parallelling my interests) lie in the more theoretical end, partly because (from where I am)
prevailing arrangements look, not to overstate things, environmentally hopeless.
Whether or not a deep-green approach is limited to reformist practice or not, it is bound to
be revolutionary in theoretical impact. For by yirtue of what is meant by deep-green, any such
dcw,,E.'~ ro~
approach is bound to reject assumptionsi ntegral to modem political theory.
dt\,,;... ... J
Political theory ... address the question of which politically variable institutions
are normatively satisfactory: in particularly, normatively satisfactory from the
point of view of some constituency ... . Modem political theory, at least in the
Western tradition, makes two assumptions in giving further specification to the
enterprise. The first is the ...
[humanist] assumption, that the relevant constituency is human beings, usually
the [individual] human beings who are to live under the institutions ... . And the
30
Thus such despairing c\~lls as the following:
The environmental movement is exhausted by campaigning on so many fronts; what is needed now is for
the decision makers to change their loyalties and priorities-don't just wear the green, think green and act
green!
I
a..
·tQ
1-e
�30
second is the
[local egalitarian] assumption, that the arrangements should be normatively
satisfactory from the point of view equally, of all relevant individuals ... .
These assumptions are almost constituive of Western political thought ....31
Like hi:i;~inent predecessors, Pettit does not offer much argument for these large assumptions,
, Jk
and what is on offer is quite inadequate. The second assumption, his "universalism" ,whic~ takes
as less controversial, obtains only an invalid one-liner: 'If persons are all that matter [a first of
various transformations of the humanist assump~o~ ], they surely matter equally, so universialism
ton
is hard to resist' .32 To emphasis the invalidity, consider a few substitutions: if possessions
(species, assumptions, ... ) are all that matter, they matter equally. What is more, when the first
assumption is duly broken, the second assumption is commonly abandoned. That when other
items than humans do matter, for some other creatures, humans matter more than those others
r-
(this sort of assumption in fact typifies intermediate, opposed to deep, positions). An easy
egalitarianism (which shelves merit distribution issues) tends to become increasingly
controversial, and implausible, as constitf e~ es are further varied and widened; witness the
bf spheric egalitarianism of deep
ecology.33
It is the first assumption, then that deep-green approaches are bound to reject. pettit passes
.-
upon discussion of the 'challenging' 'objection': 'It is that if political arrangements are devised
with a view just to the interests of human beings [note the further transformation] then they are
quite likely to be damaging to the rest of nature' (to grossly understate the problematic
situation). 34 He cannot resist the observation that as 'the interests of human beings are tied up in
great part with those of non-human nature, ... we may hope that in approaching political matters
from a personalist standpoint we will not be insensitive to the needs of non-human species and of
31
Thus Pettit, pp 286-7, who provides some selective docmentation for these claims and that these
assumptions are made. Pettit, dubiously equating persons with humans, calls the first assumption 'the
w sonalist assumption'; but really the l~ ger assumption is that political theory conforms to human
chauvinism (for a critical rejection of which see the final section of EE). He calls the second assumption
'the • iversalist assumption', though it is far from universal, as r.
ds either temporal or spatial
dimensions; for example, states invariably tr~ t foreigners or aliens differently from citizens or
constituents, in ways supported by prevailing theory. It is abandonment of the second assumption, which
Pettit does not discuss, that distinguishes ancient and nonWestern theory. For slaves, members of lesser
castes and tribes and so on, withinf the state were not treated equally (whether they regarded this as
satisfactory or not).
32
Pettit. p.287.
33
34
Pettit p.287.
Jo
~c
f
�31
~~
the bitat that we share with those species' .35 While we share this pious and regularly frustrated
.
)ha.
hope, the feebleness of the observation should not pass unremarked. Evidently there are many
types of interrelations where (limited) interests of a dominant party are no reliable assurance of
~
satisfactory treatment of dominated or lesser relatf master-servant, land-self, and so on. While
some parties may have treated their slaves and animals well and appropriately, many did not.
Nature and its creatures and features are hardly looked after well by present cohorts of humans:
insen~ vity dominates. Many humans, especially substantiaii;;lf-interested humans, are not to
be trusted; so a majority or like consituency of humans can hardly prove satisfactory. The
humanist assumption, part of a pervasive human chauvinism, should be abandoned.
It is very doubtful that the two assumptions i ettit p~ ents are anywhere near consitutive of
J~ )~
modem Western political thought. Further major assumptions concern the role of the state and the
position of individual rights; it is the former that does not enter decisively in tribal and like
socie~ ies, and the latter distinctively modem issue that is downplayed or neglected in nonWestem theory.
Under present political arrangements, the world is divided up, virtually ex~umiativ ly, into
) h.o..us..t/
a set of exclusive states. None of these states should be accounted green, though there are now
very ~ e green tinges to so~
of them. While none exhibit any depth of greenness, there is no
reason, theoretical or pgi\tical why some should not. M~ er deep-green arrangements can, in
principle, be ensured by political structures that are unacceptable on other grounds. More
IV/~
/,
technically, deep-greenness, however necessary, does not supply full conditions of adequacy for
satisfactory political arrangements, environmental and otherwise: for eucracy.
For any
arrangements where political control, a ~riing class for instance, proves suitably disposed can
ensure greenness of depth. Thus such, independently objectionable, arrangements as: green
v
~
(benev,ient) dictatorships, green guardit nships (in the style of an eco-Platonic Green Republic),
green foundations, and caste systems even eco-f~p cisms and eco-totalitarianisms. Many such
arrangements fall down
fnbroadly liberatarian grounds: that they do not allow agents and
creatures to govern their own lives and affairs freely. Other arrangements fail on broadly
egalitarian grounds, that they undul_y privil~ge some classes or agents at the expense of others. ';
-
<Arrangements that meet conditions of adequacy, that is that do not so fail yet are deepgreen, are called eucratic. Eucracy means satisfactory political organisation.
Green anarkism and, still more, deep-green anarkism offer important fresh political
directions and alternatives for sustained green activity, and for the wide green movement more
35
Pettit p.287.
Jo
�32
generally. They are alternatives very compatible with green ideas and broad ideology, as well as
alternatives often implicitly adopted, and certainly heavily borrowed from, by greenr.· There is
0
already a symbi\ tiin relation of sorts. Green and anarchist movements can not only complement
each other substantially; in important ways they need each other, and mutual dependence.
Anarkism stands in need of a significant driving force, an active directed constituency, which the
green movement can apply (or still better, a green movement allied with other alternative forces,
such as peace and feminist movements). Conversely, green succesfD slowing or stopping
#
massive degradation of the Earth, requires very different political directions from those of the
present, or of red (state socialist) or blue (liberal capitalist) colour variations on offer, anarchoidal
directions, so it can plausible be argued. That isl can be argued, persua\ ively if inconclusively
f /s
so far, that a genuinely green future cannot be obtained under present political arrangements; for
S1.1h.sfa"'helA.:1
l<n~s'tr-C1 ,'ht?J..
example this can be argued, in several ways, from the inbuilt commitment to fairly connectional~
economic growth. Accordingly political structures n\ ed to be changed, but so that important
J~
social desiderata that have been more or less achieved over a long and often dark human history
are not lost, in particular personal liberty, democra~c procedur~, just practice; Certain types of
4Q 12:.IJU-Qf~ t
~
,\
green anarchism meet these requirements,36 A··· types, other optiorJdo not satisfactorily.
sre~,i
i:,
Arguments from genuine soerees to • dical change assume the following sort of form:
• Human impact on the Earth, on very many of its ecosystems and habitats, is excessive.
•
Impact will not be significantly reduced under prevailing dominant socio-political
arrangements, under what is called the dominant social paradigm. To the contrary, these
arrangements obligate growth, which is likely to increase, even if now with some shallow
sustainability constraints. 37
Therefore,
• Arrangements slwuld be changed
® There are more and less far-reaching ways of attempting to achieve such changes of
arrangements, from zero, conservative, through reformist, to radical,c.ulminating in total change.
® There are also more and less authoritarian and coercive ways of endeavouring to achieve such
arrangements. (At the more authoritarii n fnd thes~~i~clude green dictatorship, ecofascism, etc.)
The further detail Jargument is that these way should be anarchoid. Briefly, ~
matives to
anarchoid ways not only infringe basic social and environmental desiderata (including, for
instance, noninterfering freedom of choice of individual creatures), but they utterly lack rational
0
~
36
Th#se types encouraging relevant organisation, regulation and control-features 8f which certain sorts of
traditional anarchism stand opposed.
37
While this is substantial thesis, we shall not stop off to argue for it here. The thesis is argued elsewhere,
e.g. GE, GEF.
().II ~uc,'af~ / s
�33
justification.
The detailed argument for anarchoid directions for radical .green change reveals features of
importance concerning the required character of resulting arrangements. For example, what
emerges cannot be a free-for-all for some classes of agents, such as developers. Regulation and
planning will have to be tighter, while different in character, than what now prevails in most
regions.
Accordingly a green anarkism like that to be elaborated differs in ma·or respects from most
of what has hitherto passed as anarchism. Salient differences tum around the following matters
and em~
/ h
, among others
o
regulation of social and environmental kinds.
o
social organisation and political structure, with both bottom-up and also top-down linkages and
constraints.
o
rational organisational and decision practices, including preparation and planning, to ensure
adequate outcomes.
o
reasonable objectives and planning targets, pitched at adequacy, not optimality (or other
maximizing goals).
o
pluralism of arrangements, indeed a plural pluralism, with space for a plurality of cultures and
subcultures within various of an appropriate plurality of political structures.
Such a plurality could well include structures that did not conform to matters emphasized,
not merely inadequate arrangements but adequate ones. For example, with creatures different
from the present run of humans, environmental regulation could prove substantially otiose. To be
sure, it would be hoped, though certainly not required, that arrangements were uniformly benign;
for example that, environmental circumstances permitting, they were evironmentally benign.
Correspondingly, socially, it would be hoped that arrangements aimed to conform to fairly basic
standards of ethical decency, such as
o
basic social (as well as environmental) provision.
Satisfactory arrangements would supply a subsistence floor, meeting the principle: to each
accou~ ing to basic needs. This modified comm unal principle is not confined in scope to
fr-d
~
resident humans, but includes other inhabitants.
o
a presumption of nonviolence, with violence at least not perpt trated against innocent or
/e..
uninvolved parties (including again nonhumans).
REFERENCES
\
J. Burnheim, 'Democracy, nation states and the world system', in NFD pp.218-239.
D. Held, and C. Pollitt, New Forms of Democracy, Sage, London 1986; referred to as NFD.
_
J.W. Gough, The Social Contract: a critical study of its development, Oxford, Claredon Press,
1936.
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�The following have been redacted from access file (PDF) due to copyright restrictions.
•
•
Cutting, The Economist (19 November 1988) ‘Business bribes’, The Economist, 21-24. (4
pages (2 leaves))
Journal, Raise the stakes: the Planet Drum review, no 7 S2, Spring 1983.
�
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Notes, Correspondences and Marginalia
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28
undiluted anarchism); holistic and tribal means (as, obversely, utterly individualistic ones) are
anarchistically admissible.
The connections can be made in this way:- If there is no head, top or centre, how are
political affairs structured? A standard anarchist response-not essential for mathematical
structure, but incorporated in the modem definition of anarchism-is organisation (of course)
by acceptable means, by noncoercive, nonauthoritarian organisation, what is typically expanded
to voluntary and cooperative organisation. Features of this response will be elaborated in what
follows (starting in the next chapter).
~
5. With in anarkism: green and deep-green anarkism.
~
/\-
1¥ short, a green position or theory is one that reflects sufficient commitment to
environmental causes, with that commitment shown in relevant positive action. Even more
briefly, what is required for such greenness (gre-eenness) is this: environmental commitment
manifested in suitable action. 28
A deep-green theory, is a green theory, that is one reflecting sufficient commitment to
environmental causes, which exhibits depth, roughly some items, notably natural items, that do
not answer back to human interests are valuable in themselves and human interests do not
always predominate. 29 A deep-green political theory is a political theory of this deep-green
sort.
Deep green agents do not have to attempt anything in an explicitly political direction, even
though they have to attempt something for environmental causes. They can live as part of a
minority, as many do, watching what they value degraded or destroyed. They are committed,
in principle (only), to reform. There is no commitment to radicalism. But if such greens wish
to retain enough of what they value, they will have, sooner or later, to become involved in
-------
political issues, in more than merely reformist ways.
!J..,+ 0
..ilfvl
j\ is a m11fatter of completeness, deep-green theory~is bound to touc~/ at leastj; upon
r::'"'
-::i:;,
/./ow,t,-.J~
polit ical issues. B:a.t,\deep-green theory does not, itsel~ force a particular form of political
theory, certainly not anarchoid forms. Rather such forms present appealing options, especially
given the deep-green inadequacy of mere small and marginal variations upon prevailing
unjustified state arrangements. While some, important changes may be achieved in reformist
ways, they are unlikely to do enough. They are for more likely to be, what virtually all
•• idence, suggests: too little, too late.
28
A full account of greenness is easily accessible in GE. So the many elaborating details are not spelt out
here. An overlapping detail also offered in GI.
29
Again these features have been explained in detail elsewhere, esp OOE, also GE.
,/4 11:
t~ ~ ~ rJjPhc.J.\:r l~~ e,J, k
1 -tt:fo()'l'l,,tiYP...
f
~ 0us foc1'J.e..t4), t'.sf-s,
- - · ·-
29
sees
1
----- - - - l;.11n3 .,.,,t.
p1~11a -;_/,;,,
A popular illusion Jla5 Are political structures as satisfactory, the problem ~ the players
who occupy critical niches, a problem that can be solved by rendering these players suitably
green. 30 Hence the call for greener politicians, and extensive efforts to green up''those that are
~o/
there. This assumes that the players are independant of the niches they occupy, instead of that
the players are partially shaped by the niches they occupy.
(Persons can be seen as
constitlf.[ted, in important part, by the roles they occupy). Rather to obtain virtuous green
policy makers and controllers, changes in political structures into which they ~,,,.- appear
/ slut
necessary. In these terms, present structures are inadequate; significant structural change is part
of what is required, again going further than straightforward reform.
It may already be evident that the fuzzy reformist/radical divide does not correspond to the
shallower/deep distlic tion of green positions and actors. As it happens, leading deep ecologists
;;..
e'i
,,;-shMtJ'
who tend not to be enyironmentally deep, are political radical, and in~l~ding Bila committed to
I
o.l• q)
"eco-anarchism" (' 13's "munipal liberterianism"). By contrast some deep-green theorists
(myself included) aim both for environmental depth and political radicalness. However deep<le-f,;,i~\,
(>,S~c~ l
green theory represents a plurallism, of which political radicalism
,.. is,\not an-~··· feature. In any
case, radicalism does not exclude judicious reformist activity of support of reformist measures
(and it is remotely possible that some regions ~ ould just get very 1i ckm:g in reforms). So too
~
while anarchical investigations are politically radical, a good deal of P1at is this ....... may be of
relevance to reformist green theory, both theory and methods.
Like most political theory, green theory spans a range from practical, getting things done
within prevailing arrangements, to highly theoretical, such as envisaging superior organisation
(postponing questions as to how to get from here to there). The present investigations
(parallelling my interests) lie in the more theoretical end, partly because (from where I am)
prevailing arrangements look, not to overstate things, environmentally hopeless.
Whether or not a deep-green approach is limited to reformist practice or not, it is bound to
be revolutionary in theoretical impact. For by yirtue of what is meant by deep-green, any such
dcw,,E.'~ ro~
approach is bound to reject assumptionsi ntegral to modem political theory.
dt\,,;... ... J
Political theory ... address the question of which politically variable institutions
are normatively satisfactory: in particularly, normatively satisfactory from the
point of view of some constituency ... . Modem political theory, at least in the
Western tradition, makes two assumptions in giving further specification to the
enterprise. The first is the ...
[humanist] assumption, that the relevant constituency is human beings, usually
the [individual] human beings who are to live under the institutions ... . And the
30
Thus such despairing c\~lls as the following:
The environmental movement is exhausted by campaigning on so many fronts; what is needed now is for
the decision makers to change their loyalties and priorities-don't just wear the green, think green and act
green!
I
a..
·tQ
1-e
30
second is the
[local egalitarian] assumption, that the arrangements should be normatively
satisfactory from the point of view equally, of all relevant individuals ... .
These assumptions are almost constituive of Western political thought ....31
Like hi:i;~inent predecessors, Pettit does not offer much argument for these large assumptions,
, Jk
and what is on offer is quite inadequate. The second assumption, his "universalism" ,whic~ takes
as less controversial, obtains only an invalid one-liner: 'If persons are all that matter [a first of
various transformations of the humanist assump~o~ ], they surely matter equally, so universialism
ton
is hard to resist' .32 To emphasis the invalidity, consider a few substitutions: if possessions
(species, assumptions, ... ) are all that matter, they matter equally. What is more, when the first
assumption is duly broken, the second assumption is commonly abandoned. That when other
items than humans do matter, for some other creatures, humans matter more than those others
r-
(this sort of assumption in fact typifies intermediate, opposed to deep, positions). An easy
egalitarianism (which shelves merit distribution issues) tends to become increasingly
controversial, and implausible, as constitf e~ es are further varied and widened; witness the
bf spheric egalitarianism of deep
ecology.33
It is the first assumption, then that deep-green approaches are bound to reject. pettit passes
.-
upon discussion of the 'challenging' 'objection': 'It is that if political arrangements are devised
with a view just to the interests of human beings [note the further transformation] then they are
quite likely to be damaging to the rest of nature' (to grossly understate the problematic
situation). 34 He cannot resist the observation that as 'the interests of human beings are tied up in
great part with those of non-human nature, ... we may hope that in approaching political matters
from a personalist standpoint we will not be insensitive to the needs of non-human species and of
31
Thus Pettit, pp 286-7, who provides some selective docmentation for these claims and that these
assumptions are made. Pettit, dubiously equating persons with humans, calls the first assumption 'the
w sonalist assumption'; but really the l~ ger assumption is that political theory conforms to human
chauvinism (for a critical rejection of which see the final section of EE). He calls the second assumption
'the • iversalist assumption', though it is far from universal, as r.
ds either temporal or spatial
dimensions; for example, states invariably tr~ t foreigners or aliens differently from citizens or
constituents, in ways supported by prevailing theory. It is abandonment of the second assumption, which
Pettit does not discuss, that distinguishes ancient and nonWestern theory. For slaves, members of lesser
castes and tribes and so on, withinf the state were not treated equally (whether they regarded this as
satisfactory or not).
32
Pettit. p.287.
33
34
Pettit p.287.
Jo
~c
f
31
~~
the bitat that we share with those species' .35 While we share this pious and regularly frustrated
.
)ha.
hope, the feebleness of the observation should not pass unremarked. Evidently there are many
types of interrelations where (limited) interests of a dominant party are no reliable assurance of
~
satisfactory treatment of dominated or lesser relatf master-servant, land-self, and so on. While
some parties may have treated their slaves and animals well and appropriately, many did not.
Nature and its creatures and features are hardly looked after well by present cohorts of humans:
insen~ vity dominates. Many humans, especially substantiaii;;lf-interested humans, are not to
be trusted; so a majority or like consituency of humans can hardly prove satisfactory. The
humanist assumption, part of a pervasive human chauvinism, should be abandoned.
It is very doubtful that the two assumptions i ettit p~ ents are anywhere near consitutive of
J~ )~
modem Western political thought. Further major assumptions concern the role of the state and the
position of individual rights; it is the former that does not enter decisively in tribal and like
socie~ ies, and the latter distinctively modem issue that is downplayed or neglected in nonWestem theory.
Under present political arrangements, the world is divided up, virtually ex~umiativ ly, into
) h.o..us..t/
a set of exclusive states. None of these states should be accounted green, though there are now
very ~ e green tinges to so~
of them. While none exhibit any depth of greenness, there is no
reason, theoretical or pgi\tical why some should not. M~ er deep-green arrangements can, in
principle, be ensured by political structures that are unacceptable on other grounds. More
IV/~
/,
technically, deep-greenness, however necessary, does not supply full conditions of adequacy for
satisfactory political arrangements, environmental and otherwise: for eucracy.
For any
arrangements where political control, a ~riing class for instance, proves suitably disposed can
ensure greenness of depth. Thus such, independently objectionable, arrangements as: green
v
~
(benev,ient) dictatorships, green guardit nships (in the style of an eco-Platonic Green Republic),
green foundations, and caste systems even eco-f~p cisms and eco-totalitarianisms. Many such
arrangements fall down
fnbroadly liberatarian grounds: that they do not allow agents and
creatures to govern their own lives and affairs freely. Other arrangements fail on broadly
egalitarian grounds, that they undul_y privil~ge some classes or agents at the expense of others. ';
-
<Arrangements that meet conditions of adequacy, that is that do not so fail yet are deepgreen, are called eucratic. Eucracy means satisfactory political organisation.
Green anarkism and, still more, deep-green anarkism offer important fresh political
directions and alternatives for sustained green activity, and for the wide green movement more
35
Pettit p.287.
Jo
32
generally. They are alternatives very compatible with green ideas and broad ideology, as well as
alternatives often implicitly adopted, and certainly heavily borrowed from, by greenr.· There is
0
already a symbi\ tiin relation of sorts. Green and anarchist movements can not only complement
each other substantially; in important ways they need each other, and mutual dependence.
Anarkism stands in need of a significant driving force, an active directed constituency, which the
green movement can apply (or still better, a green movement allied with other alternative forces,
such as peace and feminist movements). Conversely, green succesfD slowing or stopping
#
massive degradation of the Earth, requires very different political directions from those of the
present, or of red (state socialist) or blue (liberal capitalist) colour variations on offer, anarchoidal
directions, so it can plausible be argued. That isl can be argued, persua\ ively if inconclusively
f /s
so far, that a genuinely green future cannot be obtained under present political arrangements; for
S1.1h.sfa"'helA.:1
l<n~s'tr-C1 ,'ht?J..
example this can be argued, in several ways, from the inbuilt commitment to fairly connectional~
economic growth. Accordingly political structures n\ ed to be changed, but so that important
J~
social desiderata that have been more or less achieved over a long and often dark human history
are not lost, in particular personal liberty, democra~c procedur~, just practice; Certain types of
4Q 12:.IJU-Qf~ t
~
,\
green anarchism meet these requirements,36 A··· types, other optiorJdo not satisfactorily.
sre~,i
i:,
Arguments from genuine soerees to • dical change assume the following sort of form:
• Human impact on the Earth, on very many of its ecosystems and habitats, is excessive.
•
Impact will not be significantly reduced under prevailing dominant socio-political
arrangements, under what is called the dominant social paradigm. To the contrary, these
arrangements obligate growth, which is likely to increase, even if now with some shallow
sustainability constraints. 37
Therefore,
• Arrangements slwuld be changed
® There are more and less far-reaching ways of attempting to achieve such changes of
arrangements, from zero, conservative, through reformist, to radical,c.ulminating in total change.
® There are also more and less authoritarian and coercive ways of endeavouring to achieve such
arrangements. (At the more authoritarii n fnd thes~~i~clude green dictatorship, ecofascism, etc.)
The further detail Jargument is that these way should be anarchoid. Briefly, ~
matives to
anarchoid ways not only infringe basic social and environmental desiderata (including, for
instance, noninterfering freedom of choice of individual creatures), but they utterly lack rational
0
~
36
Th#se types encouraging relevant organisation, regulation and control-features 8f which certain sorts of
traditional anarchism stand opposed.
37
While this is substantial thesis, we shall not stop off to argue for it here. The thesis is argued elsewhere,
e.g. GE, GEF.
().II ~uc,'af~ / s
33
justification.
The detailed argument for anarchoid directions for radical .green change reveals features of
importance concerning the required character of resulting arrangements. For example, what
emerges cannot be a free-for-all for some classes of agents, such as developers. Regulation and
planning will have to be tighter, while different in character, than what now prevails in most
regions.
Accordingly a green anarkism like that to be elaborated differs in ma·or respects from most
of what has hitherto passed as anarchism. Salient differences tum around the following matters
and em~
/ h
, among others
o
regulation of social and environmental kinds.
o
social organisation and political structure, with both bottom-up and also top-down linkages and
constraints.
o
rational organisational and decision practices, including preparation and planning, to ensure
adequate outcomes.
o
reasonable objectives and planning targets, pitched at adequacy, not optimality (or other
maximizing goals).
o
pluralism of arrangements, indeed a plural pluralism, with space for a plurality of cultures and
subcultures within various of an appropriate plurality of political structures.
Such a plurality could well include structures that did not conform to matters emphasized,
not merely inadequate arrangements but adequate ones. For example, with creatures different
from the present run of humans, environmental regulation could prove substantially otiose. To be
sure, it would be hoped, though certainly not required, that arrangements were uniformly benign;
for example that, environmental circumstances permitting, they were evironmentally benign.
Correspondingly, socially, it would be hoped that arrangements aimed to conform to fairly basic
standards of ethical decency, such as
o
basic social (as well as environmental) provision.
Satisfactory arrangements would supply a subsistence floor, meeting the principle: to each
accou~ ing to basic needs. This modified comm unal principle is not confined in scope to
fr-d
~
resident humans, but includes other inhabitants.
o
a presumption of nonviolence, with violence at least not perpt trated against innocent or
/e..
uninvolved parties (including again nonhumans).
REFERENCES
\
J. Burnheim, 'Democracy, nation states and the world system', in NFD pp.218-239.
D. Held, and C. Pollitt, New Forms of Democracy, Sage, London 1986; referred to as NFD.
_
J.W. Gough, The Social Contract: a critical study of its development, Oxford, Claredon Press,
1936.
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The following have been redacted from access file (PDF) due to copyright restrictions.
•
•
Cutting, The Economist (19 November 1988) ‘Business bribes’, The Economist, 21-24. (4
pages (2 leaves))
Journal, Raise the stakes: the Planet Drum review, no 7 S2, Spring 1983.
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Box 13, Item 985: Notes and cuttings on anark
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Printout of draft of unknown paper, 6 pages (page 28-33), with handwritten emendations, miscellaneous handwritten notes on scrap paper, cutting from The Economist (1988, November 19), and Raise the stakes : the Planet Drum review, no 7 S2, Spring 1983.
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<a href="https://antipodean-antinuclearism.org">Antipodean Antinuclearism: (Re)constructing Richard Routley/Sylvan's Nuclear Philosophy</a>
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Lake George - Floor - Pile 7
Box 13: Green Projects in Progress
Lake George House
Lake George House > Floor > Pile 7
-
https://www.antipodean-antinuclearism.org/files/original/8e7daae9baa6742dce79f815f186d6ff.pdf
3cfac978365f5707e5deea901d316501
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������������������������������������The following has been redacted from access file (PDF) due to copyright restrictions.
Cutting (photocopy), title page and two pages (158-159) from Snell B (1953) The discovery of the
mind: the Greek origins of European thought (Rosenmeyer TG trans), Blackwell, Oxford. (3 pages (2
leaves))
���������The following has been redacted from access file (PDF) due to copyright restrictions.
Cutting (photocopy), 8 pages (476-483) from Jamieson D (1991) ‘Method and moral theory’, in
Singer P (ed) A companion to ethic, Blackwell, Oxford. (8 pages (4 leaves)
����The following has been redacted from access file (PDF) due to copyright restrictions.
Cutting (photocopy), 14 pages (268-285) from Broad CD (1967) Five types of ethical theory,
Routledge and Kegan Paul, London. (14 pages (7 leaves)
����������������The following has been redacted from access file (PDF) due to copyright restrictions.
Letter (typescript), ? to Richard, 20 Jan 1989 re feedback on draft paper. (1 leaf)
��The following has been redacted from access file (PDF) due to copyright restrictions.
Typescript, Questions for interview with Richard Routley. (2 pages)
������
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Notes, Correspondences and Marginalia
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In one obituary, Sylvan's handwriting was said to have "looked like the oscilloscope for a patient in intensive care", and thus "not for the timid".
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The following has been redacted from access file (PDF) due to copyright restrictions.
Cutting (photocopy), title page and two pages (158-159) from Snell B (1953) The discovery of the
mind: the Greek origins of European thought (Rosenmeyer TG trans), Blackwell, Oxford. (3 pages (2
leaves))
The following has been redacted from access file (PDF) due to copyright restrictions.
Cutting (photocopy), 8 pages (476-483) from Jamieson D (1991) ‘Method and moral theory’, in
Singer P (ed) A companion to ethic, Blackwell, Oxford. (8 pages (4 leaves)
The following has been redacted from access file (PDF) due to copyright restrictions.
Cutting (photocopy), 14 pages (268-285) from Broad CD (1967) Five types of ethical theory,
Routledge and Kegan Paul, London. (14 pages (7 leaves)
The following has been redacted from access file (PDF) due to copyright restrictions.
Letter (typescript), ? to Richard, 20 Jan 1989 re feedback on draft paper. (1 leaf)
The following has been redacted from access file (PDF) due to copyright restrictions.
Typescript, Questions for interview with Richard Routley. (2 pages)
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Box 19, Item 772: Notes and early drafts of Deep-green ethics
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Handwritten, typescript and printout notes and early drafts of paper, undated. Includes cuttings.
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Title in collection finding aid: Ring Binder - Foundations Ethics. RS: Deep Green Ethics - Contents - Ts + ms. RS: Many pages of notes - occasional connected passages. Verso of scrap papers not digitised.
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<a href="https://antipodean-antinuclearism.org">Antipodean Antinuclearism: (Re)constructing Richard Routley/Sylvan's Nuclear Philosophy</a>
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This item was identified for digitisation at the request of The University of Queensland's 2020 Fryer Library Fellow, <a href="https://najtaylor.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Dr. N.A.J. Taylor</a>.
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Como - Shelves - Bottom - Pile 2
Box 19: More Green
Como House
Como House > Shelves > Bottom > Pile 2
-
https://www.antipodean-antinuclearism.org/files/original/b660995c442b4ed34e33174523ca0eaf.pdf
e2754cf92cd4759c1c7554709975a749
PDF Text
Text
94K Fraser Court,
Kingston, 2604.
6th February, 1975
Dear Sir,
A possible change of government later this year should not
be a matter for too much concern, since the difference in policies
between the Labor government and the conservative alternative is
becoming increasingly difficult to discern.
Thus in September
Dr. Cairns told us all to work harder, and at Christmas Mr. Bryant
urged us to buy more.
In January the Prime Minister insisted that
wage demands were the cause of inflation, and in February our
'socialist' Treasurer who had previously exhorted us to buy more
cars, tells us, in effect, that the business of Australia is
business.
That the Labor government, although presenting itself as one
of "change and reform", has a commitment to the industrial- consumer status quo and protecting business, and an aversion to
politically difficult decisions approaching that of its predecessors
is demonstrated by its determination that there shall be no
restructuring (even on a long-term basis) of employment in the
motor vehicle industry.
This industry is widely recognised as a
major polluter and waster of resources, and was, until recently,
the favourite target of several ministers who are now strangely
silent on the subject.
The employment in this environmenta lly
damaging industry which the government is determined to preserve
without change, on a long term basis and apparently at virtually
any cost, is of such poor quality that the industrial sabotage which
was common a few years ago and is now reappearing was attributed by
the unions to the miserable nature of the work.
In normal times of
full employment the immigration program played an essential part in
maintaining the supply of workers to fill these undesirable jobs.
The impression of the early days of the Labor government that
Australians had somehow managed to elect a government of courage,
independence and principle has long since faded.
But nowhere is the
lack of these qualities so clear as in the decision to compete with ·
the opposition in the development stakes and to proceed withthe sale
of uranium for 'peaceful purposes'.
The Prime Minister has
attempted to quell doubts about environmenta l hazards by appealing
to the inadequate standards of the Internationa l Atomic Energy
Authority and by stating that no one overseas to whom he spoke cared
a jot about the hazards of pollution from controlled nuclear plants
or waste, and that (therefore) no one here should either.
Mr. Connor,
displaying a similar slavish concern for what the internationa l
neighbours think, claims that the Australian government would become
a laughing stock if it attempted to act with courage and principle
on the matter of
ur a 11 /um
sales.
The request for a public
inquiry to enable adequate public discussion of the momentous moral
issues involved in ur.ani- um sales has been refused, on the thin and
question-begg ing grounds that this would jeopardise one prematurely
concluded contract and others in the pipeline.
The switch to nuclear fission energy sources which the
Australian government's decision will greatly assist is likely to
impose enormous burdens and risks on future people for nuclear waste
disposal as long as 200,000 years in the future on conservative
estimates. There are clear alternatives to its use.
The moral
position of Australia, as an important supplier of this material,
may be likened to that of an arms
or heroin peddler - obtaining a
comfortable existence for itself at the expense of enormous costs
to other people.
Just as in the case of the a..rft'\S or heroin
dealer, the moral responsibili ty of the supplier cannot be evaded
by the pretence that the moral decision is entirely that of his
customer.
V.
&
R. Routley
�94K Fraser Court,
Kingston, 2604.
6th February, 1975
Dear Sir,
A possible change of government later this year should not
be a matter for too much concern, since the difference in policies
between the Labor government and the conservative alternative is
becoming increasingly difficult to discern.
Thus in September
Dr. Cairns told us all to work harder, and at Christmas Mr. Bryant
urged us to buy more.
In January the Prime Minister insisted that
wage demands were the cause of inflation, and in February our
'socialist' Treasurer who had previously exhorted us to buy more
cars, tells us, in effect, that the business of Australia is
business.
That the Labor government, although presenting itself as one
of "change and reform", has a commitment to the industrial__: consumer status quo and protecting business, and an aversion to
politically difficult decisions approaching that of its predecessors
is demonstrated by its determination that there shall be no
restructuring (even on a long-term basis) of employment in the
motor vehicle industry.
This industry is widely recognised as a
major polluter and waster of resources, and was, until recently,
the favourite target of several ministers who are now strangely
silent on the subject.
The employment in this environmentally
damaging industry which the government is determined to preserve
without change, on a long term basis and apparently at virtually
any cost, is of such poor quality that the industrial sabotage which
was common a few years ago and is now reappearing was attributed by
the unions to the miserable nature of the work.
In normal times of
full employment the immigration program played an essential part in
maintaining the supply of workers to fill these undesirable jobs.
The impression of the early days of the Labor government that
Australians had somehow managed to elect a government of courage,
independence and principle has long since faded.
But nowhere is the
lack of these qualities so clear as in the decision to compete with
the opposition in the development stakes and to proceed withthe sale
of uranium for 'peaceful purposes'.
The Prime Minister has
attempted to quell doubts about environmental hazards by apF ealing
to the inadequate standards of the International Atomic Energy
Authority and by stating that no one overseas to whom he spoke cared
a jot about the hazards of pollution from controlled nuclear plants
or waste, and that (therefore) no one here should either.
Mr. Connor,
displaying a similar slavish concern for what the international
neighbours think, claims that the Australian government would become
a laughing stock if it attempted to act with courage and principle
on the matter of
u r ,i A ,'ufrL
sales.
The request for a public
inquiry to enable adequ~te public discussion of the momentous moral
issues involved in l.lia.ni~ .um sales has been refused, on the thin and
question-begging grounds that this would jeopardise one prematurely
concluded contract and others in the pipeline.
The switch to nuclear fission energy sources which the
Australian government's decision will greatly assist is likely to
impose enormous burdens and risks on future people for nuclear waste
disposal as long as 200,000 years in the future on conservative
estimates. There are clear alternatives to its use.
The moral
position of Australia, as an important supplier of this material,
may be likened to that of an atMJ
or heroin peddler - obtaining a
comfortable existence for itself at the expense of enormous costs
to other people.
Just as in the case of the a.rAt!
or heroin
dealer, the moral responsibility of the supplier cannot be evaded
by the pretence that the moral decision is entirely that of his
customer.
V.
&
R. Routley
�
Dublin Core
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Title
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Notes, Correspondences and Marginalia
Description
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In one obituary, Sylvan's handwriting was said to have "looked like the oscilloscope for a patient in intensive care", and thus "not for the timid".
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94K Fraser Court,
Kingston, 2604.
6th February, 1975
Dear Sir,
A possible change of government later this year should not
be a matter for too much concern, since the difference in policies
between the Labor government and the conservative alternative is
becoming increasingly difficult to discern.
Thus in September
Dr. Cairns told us all to work harder, and at Christmas Mr. Bryant
urged us to buy more.
In January the Prime Minister insisted that
wage demands were the cause of inflation, and in February our
'socialist' Treasurer who had previously exhorted us to buy more
cars, tells us, in effect, that the business of Australia is
business.
That the Labor government, although presenting itself as one
of "change and reform", has a commitment to the industrial- consumer status quo and protecting business, and an aversion to
politically difficult decisions approaching that of its predecessors
is demonstrated by its determination that there shall be no
restructuring (even on a long-term basis) of employment in the
motor vehicle industry.
This industry is widely recognised as a
major polluter and waster of resources, and was, until recently,
the favourite target of several ministers who are now strangely
silent on the subject.
The employment in this environmenta lly
damaging industry which the government is determined to preserve
without change, on a long term basis and apparently at virtually
any cost, is of such poor quality that the industrial sabotage which
was common a few years ago and is now reappearing was attributed by
the unions to the miserable nature of the work.
In normal times of
full employment the immigration program played an essential part in
maintaining the supply of workers to fill these undesirable jobs.
The impression of the early days of the Labor government that
Australians had somehow managed to elect a government of courage,
independence and principle has long since faded.
But nowhere is the
lack of these qualities so clear as in the decision to compete with ·
the opposition in the development stakes and to proceed withthe sale
of uranium for 'peaceful purposes'.
The Prime Minister has
attempted to quell doubts about environmenta l hazards by appealing
to the inadequate standards of the Internationa l Atomic Energy
Authority and by stating that no one overseas to whom he spoke cared
a jot about the hazards of pollution from controlled nuclear plants
or waste, and that (therefore) no one here should either.
Mr. Connor,
displaying a similar slavish concern for what the internationa l
neighbours think, claims that the Australian government would become
a laughing stock if it attempted to act with courage and principle
on the matter of
ur a 11 /um
sales.
The request for a public
inquiry to enable adequate public discussion of the momentous moral
issues involved in ur.ani- um sales has been refused, on the thin and
question-begg ing grounds that this would jeopardise one prematurely
concluded contract and others in the pipeline.
The switch to nuclear fission energy sources which the
Australian government's decision will greatly assist is likely to
impose enormous burdens and risks on future people for nuclear waste
disposal as long as 200,000 years in the future on conservative
estimates. There are clear alternatives to its use.
The moral
position of Australia, as an important supplier of this material,
may be likened to that of an arms
or heroin peddler - obtaining a
comfortable existence for itself at the expense of enormous costs
to other people.
Just as in the case of the a..rft'\S or heroin
dealer, the moral responsibili ty of the supplier cannot be evaded
by the pretence that the moral decision is entirely that of his
customer.
V.
&
R. Routley
94K Fraser Court,
Kingston, 2604.
6th February, 1975
Dear Sir,
A possible change of government later this year should not
be a matter for too much concern, since the difference in policies
between the Labor government and the conservative alternative is
becoming increasingly difficult to discern.
Thus in September
Dr. Cairns told us all to work harder, and at Christmas Mr. Bryant
urged us to buy more.
In January the Prime Minister insisted that
wage demands were the cause of inflation, and in February our
'socialist' Treasurer who had previously exhorted us to buy more
cars, tells us, in effect, that the business of Australia is
business.
That the Labor government, although presenting itself as one
of "change and reform", has a commitment to the industrial__: consumer status quo and protecting business, and an aversion to
politically difficult decisions approaching that of its predecessors
is demonstrated by its determination that there shall be no
restructuring (even on a long-term basis) of employment in the
motor vehicle industry.
This industry is widely recognised as a
major polluter and waster of resources, and was, until recently,
the favourite target of several ministers who are now strangely
silent on the subject.
The employment in this environmentally
damaging industry which the government is determined to preserve
without change, on a long term basis and apparently at virtually
any cost, is of such poor quality that the industrial sabotage which
was common a few years ago and is now reappearing was attributed by
the unions to the miserable nature of the work.
In normal times of
full employment the immigration program played an essential part in
maintaining the supply of workers to fill these undesirable jobs.
The impression of the early days of the Labor government that
Australians had somehow managed to elect a government of courage,
independence and principle has long since faded.
But nowhere is the
lack of these qualities so clear as in the decision to compete with
the opposition in the development stakes and to proceed withthe sale
of uranium for 'peaceful purposes'.
The Prime Minister has
attempted to quell doubts about environmental hazards by apF ealing
to the inadequate standards of the International Atomic Energy
Authority and by stating that no one overseas to whom he spoke cared
a jot about the hazards of pollution from controlled nuclear plants
or waste, and that (therefore) no one here should either.
Mr. Connor,
displaying a similar slavish concern for what the international
neighbours think, claims that the Australian government would become
a laughing stock if it attempted to act with courage and principle
on the matter of
u r ,i A ,'ufrL
sales.
The request for a public
inquiry to enable adequ~te public discussion of the momentous moral
issues involved in l.lia.ni~ .um sales has been refused, on the thin and
question-begging grounds that this would jeopardise one prematurely
concluded contract and others in the pipeline.
The switch to nuclear fission energy sources which the
Australian government's decision will greatly assist is likely to
impose enormous burdens and risks on future people for nuclear waste
disposal as long as 200,000 years in the future on conservative
estimates. There are clear alternatives to its use.
The moral
position of Australia, as an important supplier of this material,
may be likened to that of an atMJ
or heroin peddler - obtaining a
comfortable existence for itself at the expense of enormous costs
to other people.
Just as in the case of the a.rAt!
or heroin
dealer, the moral responsibility of the supplier cannot be evaded
by the pretence that the moral decision is entirely that of his
customer.
V.
&
R. Routley
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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Box 23, Item 1: Val Routley and Richard Routley to "Sir", 6 Feb 1975
Subject
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Two copies of typescript letter addressed to "Sir", from Val Routley (later Val Plumwood) and Richard Routley (later Richard Sylvan). The letter to government addresses nuclear energy.
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Unnumbered paper from collection, item number assigned by library staff.
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<a href="https://antipodean-antinuclearism.org/items/browse?search=Val+Routley&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=39&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=&public=&featured=&exhibit=&geolocation-mapped=&geolocation-address=&geolocation-latitude=&geolocation-longitude=&geolocation-radius=10&submit_search=Search+for+items">Val Routley</a>
<a href="https://antipodean-antinuclearism.org/items/browse?search=Richard+Routley&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=39&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=&public=&featured=&exhibit=&geolocation-mapped=&geolocation-address=&geolocation-latitude=&geolocation-longitude=&geolocation-radius=10&submit_search=Search+for+items">Richard Routley</a>
Source
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<span class="MuiTypography-root-125 MuiTypography-body2-126">The University of Queensland's <a data-testid="rek-series" href="https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/records/search?page=1&pageSize=20&sortBy=score&sortDirection=Desc&searchQueryParams%5Brek_series%5D%5Bvalue%5D=Richard+Sylvan+Papers%2C+UQFL291&searchMode=advanced">Richard Sylvan Papers UQFL291</a></span>, Box 23, Item 1
Publisher
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<a href="https://antipodean-antinuclearism.org">Antipodean Antinuclearism: (Re)constructing Richard Routley/Sylvan's Nuclear Philosophy</a>
Date
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1975-02-06
Contributor
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This item was identified for digitisation at the request of The University of Queensland's 2020 Fryer Library Fellow, <a href="https://najtaylor.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Dr. N.A.J. Taylor</a>.
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For all enquiries about this work, please contact the Fryer Library, The University of Queensland Library.
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Letter, [2] leaves. 3.65 MB.
Type
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Correspondences
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<a href="https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:329e04d">https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:329e04d</a>
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n/a - not numbered or identified in locator field
Box 23: More Green
-
https://www.antipodean-antinuclearism.org/files/original/ede0486e608e80171df909e34126861a.pdf
9db543cfb87caa03ad0862f020147ec3
PDF Text
Text
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Cutting (photocopy), two pages (title page and page 125) from Weisskopf WA (1971) Alienation
and economics, Dutton. (2 leaves)
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�THE AGE OF [THE REALISATION OF] LIMITS?
1.
Growth versus Limits.
A phenomenon of the contemporary ags. is increasing
awareness of limits, espeO^ally material limits, due to resource and energy
limitations.
Hence, in part, the limits to growth (in part because there are
other major elements in models which reveal limits to growth:
pollution, etc.).
population,
The awareness is not a new one - the ancient Greeks put con
siderable emphasis on limits - but was largely lost sight of in modern times
until recently.
Although some material limitations are now widely reetrgjinised, in Europe and
/
North America^ at any rate, social limits are far from widely acknowledged, and
there is the idea that in the spiriual sphere there are no limitations.
Thus, for
example, Perelman:
The traditional social sphere is ... transcendental and spiritual.
i _• x..-
-- i -----~
‘-v- -ewards
the physical and social limits of the economic world (p.394)."
---- A similar open-fredte«ee-«Mte^e<-'in-the-spiritual sphere thenyls presented by
T. Haydon (Social Alternatives ~1980).
2.
The failure to realist, limits is a basic fault common to Marxism (Barman
p.150) and capitalism.
further down, p.399, >6 relies on false dichotomy between ’religious influence
and secular economic power’ which are said to be * complementary, when one grows,
the other declines. Also the suggestion that the£e are
social limits^the
’soft paradigm’ is not explained p.415?
to
W2- -M
�/
Disappearing species and vanishing rainforests:
philosophical roots of the problem. *
wrong directions, and the
Both rainforests and species are
disappearing at an unprecedented and accelerating rate.
becoming
a vastly poorer place ecologically.
of great value is being lost or destroyed.
The world is fast
Which is really bad:
for much
Thus far there is substantial
agreement among a wide range of groups and organisations seriously concerned
about vanishing rainforests, disappearing species, and the ecological impover
ishment of the earth.
But penetrate a little further - ask for the causes of
this situation, for what should be done about it, why value is being diminished
in this way, and why there is any cause for concern - and the agreement begins
to evaporate.
Probe a little more widely, bringing in assessment of economists,
foresters, and politicians, and spokesmen for the elites of ’’developing nations ,
and agreement ceases, and substantial disagreement sets in.
The phenomena of disappearing life, animal and plant, creature and
species and ecosystem, are well-enough documented (if not well-enough knowin,
in several senses) for a sketch of the background to serve.
§2.
Background:
the rates of loss of species and disappearance of rainforest.
First, plants:the extinction of each species of plant is, on the average,
accompanied by a ten-|to thirty-fold loss amongst other organisms.
Therefore, the diversity of plants i£ the underlying factor
controlling the diversity of other organisms and thus the
stability of the world ecosystem ... nearly two-thirds of the
world’s plant species (at least 150,000species of flowering
plants) appear to be tropical in distribution.
... Considering
that there will be no undisturbed tropical lowland forest any
where in the world within twenty-five years, except for relatively
small reserves,
... it is certain that many of them will become
extinct during our lifetime.
To illustrate this point we need
only mention that the FAO estimates that about ten million
The paper was first sketched for Earthday 1980.
The topic is of considerable
relevance to Earthday X, for it concerns the ecological impoverishment of the
earth (which - despite Earthday - continues to accelerate) and reasons for it
especially the underlying philosophical and ideological grounds. (In the
latter connection the US has, despite its prominence in ecological concern
and in implementing things environmental, much to answer for.)
�2.
hectares [1979 estimates are 16 million hectares] of tropical
forest are being felled annually.
... One supposes ... that
at least a third of [tropical plant species] will be threatened
or extinct by the end of the century, with the first major wave
of extinction in South-east Asia and New Guine^ ...
(Raven 1976).
Second, animals:It has been estimated that if current Saends in massive forest
clearing continue, about one-third of the species now found in
humid tropical forests - perhaps 15 to 20Z of all species on
earth - will be extinct only 20 years from now, and many more
in the ensuing decades.
This would be one of the greatest
impoverishments ever suffered.
|x----- —Third, rainforests:Every minute 30 hectares (about 75 acres) of the world s rain—
^forests are being destroyed.
The issue can be sharply p^roc^ssed by considering the world’s tropical
rainforests, where major Looweo are occurring.
The tropical moist forests are believed to contain between 2
and 5 million species from 2/5ths to ^planet’s total .
Thus i£ 1 million species are lost by the end of the twentieth century, the
I result would be the extinction of more than - perhaps much more than - l/5th
of the world’s
.
(Myers, p.4 & p.113).
Other estimates differ somewhat, but all serve to make the main point;
staggering ecological and biological losses and impoverishment.
§2.
Reasons and causes^ actdon and fataldsm (ineu^'i/Lity).
be disentangled.
There is much to
There are reasons for and against destroying rain-forests
and their dependent species, reasons which divide into shallower reasons and
deeper reasons.
The familiar shallow reasons against are those that answer back in one
way or another to human interests, and concern the pros and cons of rain
forests as
sources of genetic diversity and gene pools, as natural biological
sources for medicines, as
uftkt
catchment protection areas, and to prevent
and stop flooding, as buffer and quarantine zones, as refuges for
plants and animals.
The inadequacy of these sorts of reasons is not difficult to discern;
and the strategies they lead to would only sewe- bits and pieces here and
there.
,
-i -i
_
a_i_
_
Furthermore the onus is^wrong way round too, as well as the jacamng j
not reaching to any social depth.
What needs to say here is:
Why is all
�3.
this happening?
What justifies it?
The onus is on those who try to proceed,
who are doing the doing, interfering destruction and demise.
The shallower reasons for tend to rely on the character of humans,
their attitudes and aspirations and now rather inevitable dominance.
causes fail.
Ini^t^l shallow explanatory theses to be critically
assessed and rejected include these:
1.
The overpopulation argument:
’unless the population explosion can be
damped down, wildlife will not survive’
2.
Economistic arguments:
(Webb, 1979).
forest destruction will alleviate poverty and
provides jobs and foreign revenue.
Rather, as forester Westoby recently explained,
’the unpalatable fact, for
foresters, is that forest industries have done very little to raise the
welfare of the urban and rural masses in developing countries;
instead
resources and wealth have been transferred to the rich industrialised
countries’
(or at least certain parts of their populations).
Westoby, who perhaps optimistically sees elements of change in the
world, went on to explain, colourfully, somewhat deeper issues:
of policies of self-reliance,
’The growth
the struggles on every continent by the
dispossessed and hungry millions to win a fair and decent life, to break out
of the power of landlords, of moneylenders, of the agents of foreign capital
will be decisive in the future ... foresters ... have historically supported
power, landed property, and the status quo, and acted as the gendarme of the
landed proprietor’
(emphasis added).
[Even where the people originally held
the land, it has been removed from them by military power in such places as
Indonesia.]
Although this begins to bring out how it is that major forest destruct
ion, for example, is not being undertaken by local people themselves,but by
large foreign companies (with the co-operation of a ruling ’’western" elite
in countries involved, elites characteristically propped up in turn by
"western" capital and armsj), it does not explain why "western"—style com
panies (Japanese as well as American and British) are, with considerable
government support, engaged in these activities.
Again, there are shallow
economic reasons, e.g. growth of GNP, consumer demand, etc.
But in fact the
bulk of tropical forest goes into pulp and paper most of which is used for
packaging, which most people do
not, in any good sense, choose to purchase,
but find it "thrust upon them" and difficult to avoid.
§4.
Getting to the roots, historical and ideological.
And so on.
The deeper reasons are
the underlying attitudes to the natural world that are held by western exploit
ing powers, attitudes such as human chauvinism, which have a very long history,
�and which were shaped and enforced first by the Renaissance, then the Enlight
enment, and more recently by both positivism and Marxism.
The main object of
the paper is to show how these attitudes figure in such practical matters as
forest destruction and its justification, to outline [again]
criticism of
them, and to indicate a long minority criticism of them, running from the
Germanic Sturm und Drang movement through classical anarchism to the counter
culture
§5.
the modern deeper environmental movement.
Wrong strategic directions:
the potiticaZ thrust.
WORLD (ECOLOGICAL) IMPOVERISHMENT:
IDEOLOGICAL BASES AND EXCUSES.
World ecological impoverishment is world impoverishment, because much
of great value is being lost without due value recompense.
at rapidly accelerating rate:
It is occurring
there is little cause for celebration of
^arthday X.
1.
The mounting ecological losses.
The phenomenon is well enough documented
within the limits of our rather abysmal knowledge awd of the systems^ species
and individuals being lost.
78).
(For a carefully referenced survey see Eckholm
�REFERENCES
E. Eckholm,
Disappearing Species:
The Social Challenge_>Worldwatch Paper 22
July 1978.
•
A. and A. Erhlich, Extinction;
$fJLc pc<Tf
/iouLi-ty
A/Cm/
Ho(-
P.H. Raven, ’Ethics and attitudes" in Conservation of Threatened Plants3
J.B. Simmons et aL) , Plenum, New York, 1976.
(ed
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23.
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26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
394. «
Machine metaphor " ---Reductionist
linear
--------------- Nature as instrumental ------ “* *"
Observer spirt from nature Causal ®odels-®achanisticZ------- /
Consciousness as epiphenomena1 Dead matter
Growth
Z
Quantitative
Non-Dialectical z
Discrete things
Knowledge as power
™—
No Spiritual dimensions Z-———
Technology as power
——
Having
——
Machine paradigms y-—------ ~
Mastery of nature fro© outside -Z
External relations ---- *-----Subject-object separation -Z-—
Centralization
Design &» technique ---------- ~~
Specialism Z
.—
Training - skills alone ‘Z
—-—~
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— Competition y
——------ Uniformity Z
--------- —**“
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----------Science vs. Religion Z-——~—•
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organic metaphor
holistic
z
mult1-dimensiona1 (Hi erarchial)
intrinsic value in things
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consciousness irreduciable
Living matter - energy
Development
Qualitative (changas) Z
Dialectical Z
.
Fields and processes Z
Coderst&nding and wisdom
Spiritual dimensions Z
Appropriate technology Z
Being
r.y
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Mastery of self
v'
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Decentralisation 1
Design as art ^Z
Cultivation of whole person
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Transpersonal Z
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Notes, Correspondences and Marginalia
Description
An account of the resource
In one obituary, Sylvan's handwriting was said to have "looked like the oscilloscope for a patient in intensive care", and thus "not for the timid".
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
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Any textual data included in the document
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The following has been redacted from access file (PDF) due to copyright restrictions.
Cutting (photocopy), two pages (title page and page 125) from Weisskopf WA (1971) Alienation
and economics, Dutton. (2 leaves)
7
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THE AGE OF [THE REALISATION OF] LIMITS?
1.
Growth versus Limits.
A phenomenon of the contemporary ags. is increasing
awareness of limits, espeO^ally material limits, due to resource and energy
limitations.
Hence, in part, the limits to growth (in part because there are
other major elements in models which reveal limits to growth:
pollution, etc.).
population,
The awareness is not a new one - the ancient Greeks put con
siderable emphasis on limits - but was largely lost sight of in modern times
until recently.
Although some material limitations are now widely reetrgjinised, in Europe and
/
North America^ at any rate, social limits are far from widely acknowledged, and
there is the idea that in the spiriual sphere there are no limitations.
Thus, for
example, Perelman:
The traditional social sphere is ... transcendental and spiritual.
i _• x..-
-- i -----~
‘-v- -ewards
the physical and social limits of the economic world (p.394)."
---- A similar open-fredte«ee-«Mte^e<-'in-the-spiritual sphere thenyls presented by
T. Haydon (Social Alternatives ~1980).
2.
The failure to realist, limits is a basic fault common to Marxism (Barman
p.150) and capitalism.
further down, p.399, >6 relies on false dichotomy between ’religious influence
and secular economic power’ which are said to be * complementary, when one grows,
the other declines. Also the suggestion that the£e are
social limits^the
’soft paradigm’ is not explained p.415?
to
W2- -M
/
Disappearing species and vanishing rainforests:
philosophical roots of the problem. *
wrong directions, and the
Both rainforests and species are
disappearing at an unprecedented and accelerating rate.
becoming
a vastly poorer place ecologically.
of great value is being lost or destroyed.
The world is fast
Which is really bad:
for much
Thus far there is substantial
agreement among a wide range of groups and organisations seriously concerned
about vanishing rainforests, disappearing species, and the ecological impover
ishment of the earth.
But penetrate a little further - ask for the causes of
this situation, for what should be done about it, why value is being diminished
in this way, and why there is any cause for concern - and the agreement begins
to evaporate.
Probe a little more widely, bringing in assessment of economists,
foresters, and politicians, and spokesmen for the elites of ’’developing nations ,
and agreement ceases, and substantial disagreement sets in.
The phenomena of disappearing life, animal and plant, creature and
species and ecosystem, are well-enough documented (if not well-enough knowin,
in several senses) for a sketch of the background to serve.
§2.
Background:
the rates of loss of species and disappearance of rainforest.
First, plants:the extinction of each species of plant is, on the average,
accompanied by a ten-|to thirty-fold loss amongst other organisms.
Therefore, the diversity of plants i£ the underlying factor
controlling the diversity of other organisms and thus the
stability of the world ecosystem ... nearly two-thirds of the
world’s plant species (at least 150,000species of flowering
plants) appear to be tropical in distribution.
... Considering
that there will be no undisturbed tropical lowland forest any
where in the world within twenty-five years, except for relatively
small reserves,
... it is certain that many of them will become
extinct during our lifetime.
To illustrate this point we need
only mention that the FAO estimates that about ten million
The paper was first sketched for Earthday 1980.
The topic is of considerable
relevance to Earthday X, for it concerns the ecological impoverishment of the
earth (which - despite Earthday - continues to accelerate) and reasons for it
especially the underlying philosophical and ideological grounds. (In the
latter connection the US has, despite its prominence in ecological concern
and in implementing things environmental, much to answer for.)
2.
hectares [1979 estimates are 16 million hectares] of tropical
forest are being felled annually.
... One supposes ... that
at least a third of [tropical plant species] will be threatened
or extinct by the end of the century, with the first major wave
of extinction in South-east Asia and New Guine^ ...
(Raven 1976).
Second, animals:It has been estimated that if current Saends in massive forest
clearing continue, about one-third of the species now found in
humid tropical forests - perhaps 15 to 20Z of all species on
earth - will be extinct only 20 years from now, and many more
in the ensuing decades.
This would be one of the greatest
impoverishments ever suffered.
|x----- —Third, rainforests:Every minute 30 hectares (about 75 acres) of the world s rain—
^forests are being destroyed.
The issue can be sharply p^roc^ssed by considering the world’s tropical
rainforests, where major Looweo are occurring.
The tropical moist forests are believed to contain between 2
and 5 million species from 2/5ths to ^planet’s total .
Thus i£ 1 million species are lost by the end of the twentieth century, the
I result would be the extinction of more than - perhaps much more than - l/5th
of the world’s
.
(Myers, p.4 & p.113).
Other estimates differ somewhat, but all serve to make the main point;
staggering ecological and biological losses and impoverishment.
§2.
Reasons and causes^ actdon and fataldsm (ineu^'i/Lity).
be disentangled.
There is much to
There are reasons for and against destroying rain-forests
and their dependent species, reasons which divide into shallower reasons and
deeper reasons.
The familiar shallow reasons against are those that answer back in one
way or another to human interests, and concern the pros and cons of rain
forests as
sources of genetic diversity and gene pools, as natural biological
sources for medicines, as
uftkt
catchment protection areas, and to prevent
and stop flooding, as buffer and quarantine zones, as refuges for
plants and animals.
The inadequacy of these sorts of reasons is not difficult to discern;
and the strategies they lead to would only sewe- bits and pieces here and
there.
,
-i -i
_
a_i_
_
Furthermore the onus is^wrong way round too, as well as the jacamng j
not reaching to any social depth.
What needs to say here is:
Why is all
3.
this happening?
What justifies it?
The onus is on those who try to proceed,
who are doing the doing, interfering destruction and demise.
The shallower reasons for tend to rely on the character of humans,
their attitudes and aspirations and now rather inevitable dominance.
causes fail.
Ini^t^l shallow explanatory theses to be critically
assessed and rejected include these:
1.
The overpopulation argument:
’unless the population explosion can be
damped down, wildlife will not survive’
2.
Economistic arguments:
(Webb, 1979).
forest destruction will alleviate poverty and
provides jobs and foreign revenue.
Rather, as forester Westoby recently explained,
’the unpalatable fact, for
foresters, is that forest industries have done very little to raise the
welfare of the urban and rural masses in developing countries;
instead
resources and wealth have been transferred to the rich industrialised
countries’
(or at least certain parts of their populations).
Westoby, who perhaps optimistically sees elements of change in the
world, went on to explain, colourfully, somewhat deeper issues:
of policies of self-reliance,
’The growth
the struggles on every continent by the
dispossessed and hungry millions to win a fair and decent life, to break out
of the power of landlords, of moneylenders, of the agents of foreign capital
will be decisive in the future ... foresters ... have historically supported
power, landed property, and the status quo, and acted as the gendarme of the
landed proprietor’
(emphasis added).
[Even where the people originally held
the land, it has been removed from them by military power in such places as
Indonesia.]
Although this begins to bring out how it is that major forest destruct
ion, for example, is not being undertaken by local people themselves,but by
large foreign companies (with the co-operation of a ruling ’’western" elite
in countries involved, elites characteristically propped up in turn by
"western" capital and armsj), it does not explain why "western"—style com
panies (Japanese as well as American and British) are, with considerable
government support, engaged in these activities.
Again, there are shallow
economic reasons, e.g. growth of GNP, consumer demand, etc.
But in fact the
bulk of tropical forest goes into pulp and paper most of which is used for
packaging, which most people do
not, in any good sense, choose to purchase,
but find it "thrust upon them" and difficult to avoid.
§4.
Getting to the roots, historical and ideological.
And so on.
The deeper reasons are
the underlying attitudes to the natural world that are held by western exploit
ing powers, attitudes such as human chauvinism, which have a very long history,
and which were shaped and enforced first by the Renaissance, then the Enlight
enment, and more recently by both positivism and Marxism.
The main object of
the paper is to show how these attitudes figure in such practical matters as
forest destruction and its justification, to outline [again]
criticism of
them, and to indicate a long minority criticism of them, running from the
Germanic Sturm und Drang movement through classical anarchism to the counter
culture
§5.
the modern deeper environmental movement.
Wrong strategic directions:
the potiticaZ thrust.
WORLD (ECOLOGICAL) IMPOVERISHMENT:
IDEOLOGICAL BASES AND EXCUSES.
World ecological impoverishment is world impoverishment, because much
of great value is being lost without due value recompense.
at rapidly accelerating rate:
It is occurring
there is little cause for celebration of
^arthday X.
1.
The mounting ecological losses.
The phenomenon is well enough documented
within the limits of our rather abysmal knowledge awd of the systems^ species
and individuals being lost.
78).
(For a carefully referenced survey see Eckholm
REFERENCES
E. Eckholm,
Disappearing Species:
The Social Challenge_>Worldwatch Paper 22
July 1978.
•
A. and A. Erhlich, Extinction;
$fJLc pc<Tf
/iouLi-ty
A/Cm/
Ho(-
P.H. Raven, ’Ethics and attitudes" in Conservation of Threatened Plants3
J.B. Simmons et aL) , Plenum, New York, 1976.
(ed
/UoT^l
f
(
/
Schematic c
;)t>^e
of
TWO paradigms*
perspn-PJ. unetary
1.
2»
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
—-5 16 ■>
17.
r 18.
' 19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
Z 25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
394. «
Machine metaphor " ---Reductionist
linear
--------------- Nature as instrumental ------ “* *"
Observer spirt from nature Causal ®odels-®achanisticZ------- /
Consciousness as epiphenomena1 Dead matter
Growth
Z
Quantitative
Non-Dialectical z
Discrete things
Knowledge as power
™—
No Spiritual dimensions Z-———
Technology as power
——
Having
——
Machine paradigms y-—------ ~
Mastery of nature fro© outside -Z
External relations ---- *-----Subject-object separation -Z-—
Centralization
Design &» technique ---------- ~~
Specialism Z
.—
Training - skills alone ‘Z
—-—~
Anthropocentric —-----Corporation </
— Competition y
——------ Uniformity Z
--------- —**“
Machine planet x
----------Science vs. Religion Z-——~—•
Limited perspective Z^—------Captive of its own mythology X—
organic metaphor
holistic
z
mult1-dimensiona1 (Hi erarchial)
intrinsic value in things
Participator-Agent
scausal-etochastic '
consciousness irreduciable
Living matter - energy
Development
Qualitative (changas) Z
Dialectical Z
.
Fields and processes Z
Coderst&nding and wisdom
Spiritual dimensions Z
Appropriate technology Z
Being
r.y
Ecological paradigm Z '
Mastery of self
v'
Internal and external relations
Subject-object reciprocity z""
Decentralisation 1
Design as art ^Z
Cultivation of whole person
. education - balanced Z
Transpersonal Z
Community Z
cooperation Z
diversity and symbiosis Z
Gaia Hypothesis (Living Planet)
Science & Religion Interact Z'
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Box 61, Item 1781: Notes and cutting on environment ; Draft of The age of (the realisation of) limits?
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Various handwritten notes on scrap paper, and cutting from Weisskopf WA (1971) Alienation and economics, Dutton. Includes typescript draft of The age of (the realisation of) limits? by Richard Sylvan, with handwritten emendations, undated.
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Verso of scrap paper not digitised. Cutting redacted from access file (PDF) due to copyright restrictions.
Title in collection finding aid: Writings of RS & VP on environment.
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<a href="https://antipodean-antinuclearism.org/items/browse?search=Val+Plumwood&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=39&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=&public=&featured=&exhibit=&geolocation-mapped=&geolocation-address=&geolocation-latitude=&geolocation-longitude=&geolocation-radius=10&submit_search=Search+for+items">Val Plumwood</a>
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Australian National University Office > Second Bookcase > Bottom Shelf
Box 61: Ethics and Theoretical Ethics
-
https://www.antipodean-antinuclearism.org/files/original/35e9d8df917f7d8ae32e0943d5ebd99b.pdf
c5c9e5bc6ded0b74c1752018d15876e1
PDF Text
Text
<%///# /(V?fac/
’
�Nuclear energy and obligations to the future.
.. .discussion of values and goods may seem
fuzzy and unscientific, but it is the beginning
and end of any energy policy ... . (Lovins, 75, xxii).
Important ethical issues concerning obligations to the
future and evaluative issues as to what sort of world we want
to see are raised by proposed nuclear development, but have been
largely neglected in current technologically oriented discussion
of the development.
The first part of the paper considers the
arguments of a number of philosophers
philosophical positions
(e.g.
obligations to the future
we do have practical,
(e.g. Passmore)
and
c
social contract theories)
and rejects them.
concerning
It concludes that
and not merely theoretical, moral obligations
to the non-immediate future, and that these are not made void
by temporal remoteness or some degree of uncertainty about the
effects of our nations.
The second part of the paper considers
a number of examples of crimes against the future and sets the
more comp ex nuclear energy case against this background.
One
philosophical corollary which emerges is the falsity of the still
common view that philosophical analysis of moral concepts,
meta-ethics,
or
is neutral with respect to practical moral issues.
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���A more fundamental challenge to the poverty argument appears
in I.
Illich, Energy and Equity, Calder and Boyers, London,
1974,
where it is argued that the sort of development nuclear energy
represents is exactly the opposite of what the poor need.
The
main thesis seems to be that a society heavily dependent for basic
needs on capital demanding, commercially or centrally controllable
energy forms
(especially for transport), will inevitably create
energy hierachies and en/l ance poverty and inequalities in contrast
to a society employing low capital energy sources which people
control themselves,
fairly convincing,
such as bicycles or feet.
The main thesis is
given that there is unequal access to capital
and centralised power,
even if the argument for it leaves something
to be desired and the emphasis on speed as the critical factor
seems mistaken
(would the invention of a cheap 60 m.p.h.
bicycle
thereby convert the bicycle to an instrument of hierarchy?)
If
the thesis is correct the common economic assumption that the
solution to poverty lies in more and more massive inputs of costly
energy is mistaken in a quite fundamental way.
�Elaboration of
'Nuclear energy and obligations to the future, :
A note on expertise and methodology.
Some people may ask why philosophers, who know nothing about
nuclear physics,
should be dealing with this area, which surely
should be left to the province of the real experts in the area,
nuclear physicists and those with direct experience and authority
in the area of nuclear power.
One of the most irritating things in this area for a
philosopher is the sight of such people constantly presented, by
themselves and others,
as experts and authorities whose pronounce
ments on the issue should be accepted without question by laymen
(see e.g. articles
[15]
and
[16]), when in fact the issues involve
quite crucially issues of and assumptions about values and morality^
matters concerning which the so-called "authorities'
and
experts
commonly know less than the average first year student in philosophy.
Value issues and moral issues and issues of social and political
theory are probably more crucially concerned in the nuclear issues
than are issues of fact concerning nuclear power, and certainly
they are just as important.
Few philosophers nowadays would want to claim to be
experts
or "authorities" on matters of value or morality in the way nuclear
experts claim to be authorities on matters of nuclear power, who
can tell people what to do in way which is authoritative or
which must be uncritically accepted by the non-experts/non
philosophers .
Rejection of the argument from authority is basic
in proper philosophical method, going back to Plato and beyond,
and forming a basic position without which the subject,
as critical
inquiry into basic assumptions, could not operate as it does and
traditionally has.
Indeed rejection of the argument from
authority is one feature which distinguishes philosophy proper
from closely related areas such as theology,
casuistry,
some
�2.
areas of legal thought and various types of apology.
But a form
of the argument from authority-the claim to entitlement to have
one’s word or views accepted, not on the basis of what one says
and how sound it is,
but of who one is - appears however to be
an important element in the modern cult of the "scientific expert"
which has played such a large part in the contempory Australian
discussion of the nuclear issue.
While most philosophers would
reject the view that they were "experts"
or moral issues,
in this sense on values
philosophers can fairly lay claim to a number of
special skills which enable them to bring out explicit assumptions
about values or morality,
and expose defects in arguments.
philosophers also have moral views,
Most
that is, they believe some
things to be morally acceptable and others morally unacceptable,
although some might prefer to express similar attitudes without
use of explicit moral terminology.
In writing this paper then we don't hope to be accepted as
'authorities' or
'experts'
on moral questions, but only to have
skills which may throw light on some areas.
bring out value and moral assumptions,
We have tried to
expose logical defects and
inconsistencies in the structure of some of the arguments and in
certain sorts of argument concerning the future,
and to argue that
if one accepts a certain moral judgment
(which we accept and which
we believe would be widely agreed on*),
one should,
going to be consistent,
principles,
non-arbitrary ,
accept a certain other one.
if one is
and follow through one's
This seems to us a proper
area for philosophical work.
The non-philosophical or background factual assumptions which
are essential for discussing the issue are not large, and are in
substance only those of the Fox Report
(p.110,
in particular).
* We are sure that philosophers can be found who will disagree with
virtually every statement we make.
�Nuclear Power
Ethical and Social Dimensions
The issue of nuclear power raises many basic issues in ethics.
By means of an example, we argue for the illegitimacy of certain
sorts of transfers of costs,
transfers from one party who obtains
benefits from a given course of action,
onto other parties who do
The inadequate methods currently available for storing nuclear
not.
wastes mean that nuclear power could permit such an illegitimate
transfer of serious costs and risks onto future people.
Many of
the arguments for the acceptability of imposing such risks on the
future ignore these crucial ethical transfer issues.
We argue that
the mot'Q 1 constraints on action such transfer principles give rise
to are not removed by the fact that those affected are future and
not present people.
The nuclear issue and associated arguments also raise in a
highly topical wSy
really
many basic issues in social theory.
Do people
’need' all the consumer items nuclear power is supposed to
allow for,
and is it authoritarian or wrong to frustrate such needs,
or are such needs in part imposed by a particular, alterable social
framework?
Are existing democratic mechanisms for control over
the social framework adequate, or do they give inadequate control
and permit excessive concentrations of power?
If the answer to the
last question is affirmative, what kinds of social changes would
prevent such>concentrations of power and allow for more adequate
control by people over the social framework and over their own
lives?
The approach to all these questions depends crucially on
how the underlying elements of social interaction are conceived are these basic elements pure individuals, are they social wholes,
or do we need to assume both, distinct and irreducible, as we shall
argue ?
R. and V,. Rout ley
�t.
;
/
%
//
C
.
f
« ^7
£C—e
Z'
fe
c*
—
fl
AUStrOl/LCt'S
I£ nuclear energy is unacceptable on moral grounds, what of
Australia s role in cooperating in its development overseas?
Is its development
inevitable, as some say, so that others would sell if we didn’t and Australia
would simply profit from the folly and immorality of others?
assumption is false.
This inevitability
Most countries considering nuclear energy are not yet
irreversibly committed to it, and have other options.
Australia has a good
percentage of the world’s high-grade reserves of uranium and is regarded by western
powers as a stable and reliable energy source.
In so far as there is an economic
case for nuclear energy development, the relative cheapness of its fuel and
reliability of its source is a major part of it.
It seems likely that by with'
�holding its uranium Australia could shake this assumption and thus be influential
in directing attention to alternatives.
Nuclear energy development is not
inevitable, but even if it were, inevitability does not cancel moral responsibility.
Few would accept the argument of the hired assassin that if he did not do the job
someone else would be found who would perhaps make a messier job of it.
Australia
does not evade moral responsibility by arguing in a similar way, that other, possibly
even less responsible, suppliers would emerge.
Other arguments are presented to excuse Australia’s collaboration in nuclear
development, that by selling its uranium Australia will help prevent nuclear
proliferation and the development of the breeder reactor.
The argument that widely
exporting the basic means of making nuclear weapons is the best means of preventing
nuclear proliferation compares, in its twisted logic, with the all too familiar
6,,-vvA
claims that war is the best means of promoting peace, that the best way to assist
the poor is to increase the power of the wealthy^and so on.
help prevent development of the breeder reactor?
Will uranium export
That seems, at least, unlikely,
since the most important potential customers, in Europe, have already announced
their determination to proceed with it, while the other most important customer,
Japan, has made no secret of its interest in it.
faulty too.
But such an argument is logically
The fact that the breeder creates even worse problems, for present
people, than conventional fission reators hardly shows that conventional fission
A
is acceptable or ought not also to be opposed.
These are not exhaustive options,
and the case against even conventional fission energy is a sufficiently strong one.
The strategy of the argument here is to suggest that rather than opposing or
resisting something immoral, one should collaborate in it in order to use one’s
influence to secure improvements;
this would justify, for example, assisting in
fabricating evidence against an innocent man in order to use one’s influence to
ensure minimum suffering, a speedy trial and humane execution.
These arguments to excuse Australia’s participation are sad and threadbare,
exhibiting the morality of the market.
There seems little doubt that Australia’s
collaboration will assist and encourage the development of nuclear energy as
opposed to alternatives.
Thus Australia’s uranium export policy makes it an
important accomplice in this crime against the future.
�The following have been redacted from access file (PDF) due to copyright restrictions.
•
•
•
Cutting (photocopy), 'Letters' (24 November 1978), Science, 202: 818, 820-821. (3 leaves)
Cutting (photocopy), 'The World: Europe' (13 November 1976), The Economist, 261: 6364. (2 leaves)
Cutting (photocopy), 'Nuclear man at bay' (19 March 1977), The Economist, 292(2): 12-13.
(2 leaves)
�9
/vuclem
9
7 7/A
»
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r«v<-Z
>
^4
Jr
X
(7
6s *'t
Ai
cr *
7
C T~
<7^
��The following has been redacted from access file (PDF) due to copyright restrictions.
Typescript (photocopy), Embargoed Advance material for release at 0200 GMT January 15 1981
of Jimmy Cater, 39th President of the United States: 1977 ‐ 1981, Farewell Address to the
Nation. (5 leaves)
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Notes, Correspondences and Marginalia
Description
An account of the resource
In one obituary, Sylvan's handwriting was said to have "looked like the oscilloscope for a patient in intensive care", and thus "not for the timid".
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Text
Any textual data included in the document
<%///# /(V?fac/
’
Nuclear energy and obligations to the future.
.. .discussion of values and goods may seem
fuzzy and unscientific, but it is the beginning
and end of any energy policy ... . (Lovins, 75, xxii).
Important ethical issues concerning obligations to the
future and evaluative issues as to what sort of world we want
to see are raised by proposed nuclear development, but have been
largely neglected in current technologically oriented discussion
of the development.
The first part of the paper considers the
arguments of a number of philosophers
philosophical positions
(e.g.
obligations to the future
we do have practical,
(e.g. Passmore)
and
c
social contract theories)
and rejects them.
concerning
It concludes that
and not merely theoretical, moral obligations
to the non-immediate future, and that these are not made void
by temporal remoteness or some degree of uncertainty about the
effects of our nations.
The second part of the paper considers
a number of examples of crimes against the future and sets the
more comp ex nuclear energy case against this background.
One
philosophical corollary which emerges is the falsity of the still
common view that philosophical analysis of moral concepts,
meta-ethics,
or
is neutral with respect to practical moral issues.
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Fthat it will be a considerable time before nuclear development makes a substantial
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A more fundamental challenge to the poverty argument appears
in I.
Illich, Energy and Equity, Calder and Boyers, London,
1974,
where it is argued that the sort of development nuclear energy
represents is exactly the opposite of what the poor need.
The
main thesis seems to be that a society heavily dependent for basic
needs on capital demanding, commercially or centrally controllable
energy forms
(especially for transport), will inevitably create
energy hierachies and en/l ance poverty and inequalities in contrast
to a society employing low capital energy sources which people
control themselves,
fairly convincing,
such as bicycles or feet.
The main thesis is
given that there is unequal access to capital
and centralised power,
even if the argument for it leaves something
to be desired and the emphasis on speed as the critical factor
seems mistaken
(would the invention of a cheap 60 m.p.h.
bicycle
thereby convert the bicycle to an instrument of hierarchy?)
If
the thesis is correct the common economic assumption that the
solution to poverty lies in more and more massive inputs of costly
energy is mistaken in a quite fundamental way.
Elaboration of
'Nuclear energy and obligations to the future, :
A note on expertise and methodology.
Some people may ask why philosophers, who know nothing about
nuclear physics,
should be dealing with this area, which surely
should be left to the province of the real experts in the area,
nuclear physicists and those with direct experience and authority
in the area of nuclear power.
One of the most irritating things in this area for a
philosopher is the sight of such people constantly presented, by
themselves and others,
as experts and authorities whose pronounce
ments on the issue should be accepted without question by laymen
(see e.g. articles
[15]
and
[16]), when in fact the issues involve
quite crucially issues of and assumptions about values and morality^
matters concerning which the so-called "authorities'
and
experts
commonly know less than the average first year student in philosophy.
Value issues and moral issues and issues of social and political
theory are probably more crucially concerned in the nuclear issues
than are issues of fact concerning nuclear power, and certainly
they are just as important.
Few philosophers nowadays would want to claim to be
experts
or "authorities" on matters of value or morality in the way nuclear
experts claim to be authorities on matters of nuclear power, who
can tell people what to do in way which is authoritative or
which must be uncritically accepted by the non-experts/non
philosophers .
Rejection of the argument from authority is basic
in proper philosophical method, going back to Plato and beyond,
and forming a basic position without which the subject,
as critical
inquiry into basic assumptions, could not operate as it does and
traditionally has.
Indeed rejection of the argument from
authority is one feature which distinguishes philosophy proper
from closely related areas such as theology,
casuistry,
some
2.
areas of legal thought and various types of apology.
But a form
of the argument from authority-the claim to entitlement to have
one’s word or views accepted, not on the basis of what one says
and how sound it is,
but of who one is - appears however to be
an important element in the modern cult of the "scientific expert"
which has played such a large part in the contempory Australian
discussion of the nuclear issue.
While most philosophers would
reject the view that they were "experts"
or moral issues,
in this sense on values
philosophers can fairly lay claim to a number of
special skills which enable them to bring out explicit assumptions
about values or morality,
and expose defects in arguments.
philosophers also have moral views,
Most
that is, they believe some
things to be morally acceptable and others morally unacceptable,
although some might prefer to express similar attitudes without
use of explicit moral terminology.
In writing this paper then we don't hope to be accepted as
'authorities' or
'experts'
on moral questions, but only to have
skills which may throw light on some areas.
bring out value and moral assumptions,
We have tried to
expose logical defects and
inconsistencies in the structure of some of the arguments and in
certain sorts of argument concerning the future,
and to argue that
if one accepts a certain moral judgment
(which we accept and which
we believe would be widely agreed on*),
one should,
going to be consistent,
principles,
non-arbitrary ,
accept a certain other one.
if one is
and follow through one's
This seems to us a proper
area for philosophical work.
The non-philosophical or background factual assumptions which
are essential for discussing the issue are not large, and are in
substance only those of the Fox Report
(p.110,
in particular).
* We are sure that philosophers can be found who will disagree with
virtually every statement we make.
Nuclear Power
Ethical and Social Dimensions
The issue of nuclear power raises many basic issues in ethics.
By means of an example, we argue for the illegitimacy of certain
sorts of transfers of costs,
transfers from one party who obtains
benefits from a given course of action,
onto other parties who do
The inadequate methods currently available for storing nuclear
not.
wastes mean that nuclear power could permit such an illegitimate
transfer of serious costs and risks onto future people.
Many of
the arguments for the acceptability of imposing such risks on the
future ignore these crucial ethical transfer issues.
We argue that
the mot'Q 1 constraints on action such transfer principles give rise
to are not removed by the fact that those affected are future and
not present people.
The nuclear issue and associated arguments also raise in a
highly topical wSy
really
many basic issues in social theory.
Do people
’need' all the consumer items nuclear power is supposed to
allow for,
and is it authoritarian or wrong to frustrate such needs,
or are such needs in part imposed by a particular, alterable social
framework?
Are existing democratic mechanisms for control over
the social framework adequate, or do they give inadequate control
and permit excessive concentrations of power?
If the answer to the
last question is affirmative, what kinds of social changes would
prevent such>concentrations of power and allow for more adequate
control by people over the social framework and over their own
lives?
The approach to all these questions depends crucially on
how the underlying elements of social interaction are conceived are these basic elements pure individuals, are they social wholes,
or do we need to assume both, distinct and irreducible, as we shall
argue ?
R. and V,. Rout ley
t.
;
/
%
//
C
.
f
« ^7
£C—e
Z'
fe
c*
—
fl
AUStrOl/LCt'S
I£ nuclear energy is unacceptable on moral grounds, what of
Australia s role in cooperating in its development overseas?
Is its development
inevitable, as some say, so that others would sell if we didn’t and Australia
would simply profit from the folly and immorality of others?
assumption is false.
This inevitability
Most countries considering nuclear energy are not yet
irreversibly committed to it, and have other options.
Australia has a good
percentage of the world’s high-grade reserves of uranium and is regarded by western
powers as a stable and reliable energy source.
In so far as there is an economic
case for nuclear energy development, the relative cheapness of its fuel and
reliability of its source is a major part of it.
It seems likely that by with'
holding its uranium Australia could shake this assumption and thus be influential
in directing attention to alternatives.
Nuclear energy development is not
inevitable, but even if it were, inevitability does not cancel moral responsibility.
Few would accept the argument of the hired assassin that if he did not do the job
someone else would be found who would perhaps make a messier job of it.
Australia
does not evade moral responsibility by arguing in a similar way, that other, possibly
even less responsible, suppliers would emerge.
Other arguments are presented to excuse Australia’s collaboration in nuclear
development, that by selling its uranium Australia will help prevent nuclear
proliferation and the development of the breeder reactor.
The argument that widely
exporting the basic means of making nuclear weapons is the best means of preventing
nuclear proliferation compares, in its twisted logic, with the all too familiar
6,,-vvA
claims that war is the best means of promoting peace, that the best way to assist
the poor is to increase the power of the wealthy^and so on.
help prevent development of the breeder reactor?
Will uranium export
That seems, at least, unlikely,
since the most important potential customers, in Europe, have already announced
their determination to proceed with it, while the other most important customer,
Japan, has made no secret of its interest in it.
faulty too.
But such an argument is logically
The fact that the breeder creates even worse problems, for present
people, than conventional fission reators hardly shows that conventional fission
A
is acceptable or ought not also to be opposed.
These are not exhaustive options,
and the case against even conventional fission energy is a sufficiently strong one.
The strategy of the argument here is to suggest that rather than opposing or
resisting something immoral, one should collaborate in it in order to use one’s
influence to secure improvements;
this would justify, for example, assisting in
fabricating evidence against an innocent man in order to use one’s influence to
ensure minimum suffering, a speedy trial and humane execution.
These arguments to excuse Australia’s participation are sad and threadbare,
exhibiting the morality of the market.
There seems little doubt that Australia’s
collaboration will assist and encourage the development of nuclear energy as
opposed to alternatives.
Thus Australia’s uranium export policy makes it an
important accomplice in this crime against the future.
The following have been redacted from access file (PDF) due to copyright restrictions.
•
•
•
Cutting (photocopy), 'Letters' (24 November 1978), Science, 202: 818, 820-821. (3 leaves)
Cutting (photocopy), 'The World: Europe' (13 November 1976), The Economist, 261: 6364. (2 leaves)
Cutting (photocopy), 'Nuclear man at bay' (19 March 1977), The Economist, 292(2): 12-13.
(2 leaves)
9
/vuclem
9
7 7/A
»
■«■
r«v<-Z
>
^4
Jr
X
(7
6s *'t
Ai
cr *
7
C T~
<7^
The following has been redacted from access file (PDF) due to copyright restrictions.
Typescript (photocopy), Embargoed Advance material for release at 0200 GMT January 15 1981
of Jimmy Cater, 39th President of the United States: 1977 ‐ 1981, Farewell Address to the
Nation. (5 leaves)
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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Box 106, Item 3: Early drafts, notes and cuttings on big nuclear
Subject
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Various typescript and handwritten early drafts and notes on big nuclear, undated. Includes cuttings on nuclear power and photocopy of Embargoed Advance material for release at 0200 GMT January 15 1981 of Jimmy Cater, 39th President of the United States: 1977 ? 1981, Farewell Address to the Nation.
Description
An account of the resource
Verso of scrap papers not digitised. Cutting redacted from access file (PDF) due to copyright restrictions.
Papers housed in unnumbered folder marked Australia's Defence. Item number assigned by library staff. One of four papers digitised from item 2.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
<a href="https://antipodean-antinuclearism.org/items/browse?search=Richard+Sylvan&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=39&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=&public=&featured=&exhibit=&geolocation-mapped=&geolocation-address=&geolocation-latitude=&geolocation-longitude=&geolocation-radius=10&submit_search=Search+for+items">Richard Sylvan</a>
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<span class="MuiTypography-root-125 MuiTypography-body2-126">The University of Queensland's <a data-testid="rek-series" href="https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/records/search?page=1&pageSize=20&sortBy=score&sortDirection=Desc&searchQueryParams%5Brek_series%5D%5Bvalue%5D=Richard+Sylvan+Papers%2C+UQFL291&searchMode=advanced">Richard Sylvan Papers UQFL291</a></span>, Box 106, Item 3
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<a href="https://antipodean-antinuclearism.org">Antipodean Antinuclearism: (Re)constructing Richard Routley/Sylvan's Nuclear Philosophy</a>
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This item was identified for digitisation at the request of The University of Queensland's 2020 Fryer Library Fellow, <a href="https://najtaylor.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Dr. N.A.J. Taylor</a>.
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For all enquiries about this work, please contact the Fryer Library, The University of Queensland Library.
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[26] leaves. 10.28 MB.
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<a href="https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:88d3475">https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:88d3475</a>
Box 106: Culture, Politics, Environment, Economics [War and Peace]
-
https://www.antipodean-antinuclearism.org/files/original/5db24f9062978c3cb3ac367788f0837b.pdf
5499c94435baef11855853b3b0cd8ab9
PDF Text
Text
ABSTRACT OF
PROBLEMS and SOLUTIONS in DEEP ECOPOLITICAL THEORY
A reshaping of social and political institutions, which are often outmoded or suboptimal
and certainly commonly anti-environmental, is now prominent on theoretical agendas, at least in
Australia. One such project is the multi-million dollar "Reshaping Australian Institutions^^
project at the Australian National University.
At the same time there is widespread
disenchantment with prevailing politics in Australia. Accordingly there is an opportunity to put
radical green themes on agendas for real political and institutional change.
A deep change, however, which is what deep green theories require, encounters several
problems. For one, there appears to be a contradiction between demands for, on the one side,
increasing environmental regulations and welfare arrangements, characteristically dependent
upon bureaurcratic centralisation and economic growth, and on the other, decentralized lower
impact organisation, which halts anti-environmentally industry and economic growth. A
functional resolution, partially dissolving a central state, is outlined, along with a theory of
encephaletic organisation.
Further problems to surmount include human chauvinism and present-time bias, even in
present t4best practice” democratic institutions. Deep demarchoidal resolutions of these
problems are sketched and defended.
R. Sylvan
RMB 683
Bungendore Australia 2621
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Notes, Correspondences and Marginalia
Description
An account of the resource
In one obituary, Sylvan's handwriting was said to have "looked like the oscilloscope for a patient in intensive care", and thus "not for the timid".
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Text
Any textual data included in the document
ABSTRACT OF
PROBLEMS and SOLUTIONS in DEEP ECOPOLITICAL THEORY
A reshaping of social and political institutions, which are often outmoded or suboptimal
and certainly commonly anti-environmental, is now prominent on theoretical agendas, at least in
Australia. One such project is the multi-million dollar "Reshaping Australian Institutions^^
project at the Australian National University.
At the same time there is widespread
disenchantment with prevailing politics in Australia. Accordingly there is an opportunity to put
radical green themes on agendas for real political and institutional change.
A deep change, however, which is what deep green theories require, encounters several
problems. For one, there appears to be a contradiction between demands for, on the one side,
increasing environmental regulations and welfare arrangements, characteristically dependent
upon bureaurcratic centralisation and economic growth, and on the other, decentralized lower
impact organisation, which halts anti-environmentally industry and economic growth. A
functional resolution, partially dissolving a central state, is outlined, along with a theory of
encephaletic organisation.
Further problems to surmount include human chauvinism and present-time bias, even in
present t4best practice” democratic institutions. Deep demarchoidal resolutions of these
problems are sketched and defended.
R. Sylvan
RMB 683
Bungendore Australia 2621
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Box 18, Item 1225: Abstract of Problems in deep ecopolitical theory
Subject
The topic of the resource
Printout, undated.
Description
An account of the resource
One of seven papers digitised from item 1225.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
<a href="https://antipodean-antinuclearism.org/items/browse?search=Richard+Sylvan&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=39&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=&public=&featured=&exhibit=&geolocation-mapped=&geolocation-address=&geolocation-latitude=&geolocation-longitude=&geolocation-radius=10&submit_search=Search+for+items">Richard Sylvan</a>
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<span class="MuiTypography-root-125 MuiTypography-body2-126">The University of Queensland's <a data-testid="rek-series" href="https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/records/search?page=1&pageSize=20&sortBy=score&sortDirection=Desc&searchQueryParams%5Brek_series%5D%5Bvalue%5D=Richard+Sylvan+Papers%2C+UQFL291&searchMode=advanced">Richard Sylvan Papers UQFL291</a></span>, Box 18, Item 1225
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
<a href="https://antipodean-antinuclearism.org">Antipodean Antinuclearism: (Re)constructing Richard Routley/Sylvan's Nuclear Philosophy</a>
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
This item was identified for digitisation at the request of The University of Queensland's 2020 Fryer Library Fellow, <a href="https://najtaylor.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Dr. N.A.J. Taylor</a>.
Rights
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For all enquiries about this work, please contact the Fryer Library, The University of Queensland Library.
Format
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[1] leaf. 492.07 KB.
Type
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Manuscript
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
<a href="https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:7537d8b">https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:7537d8b</a>
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Australian National University - Typing Table at End of Desk
Australian National University Office
Australian National University Office > Typing Table at End of Desk
Box 18: Green Projects in Progress
-
https://www.antipodean-antinuclearism.org/files/original/6db9a961bde3d0b17db9e298cfd1671c.pdf
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
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A name given to the resource
Notes, Correspondences and Marginalia
Description
An account of the resource
In one obituary, Sylvan's handwriting was said to have "looked like the oscilloscope for a patient in intensive care", and thus "not for the timid".
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Text
Any textual data included in the document
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Box 21, Item 705: Booklets notes
Subject
The topic of the resource
Handwritten notes on scrap paper.
Description
An account of the resource
Verso of leaves not digitised. One of ten papers digitised from item 705. Title in collection finding aid: RS: Booklets - Ms notes.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
<a href="https://antipodean-antinuclearism.org/items/browse?search=Richard+Sylvan&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=39&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=&public=&featured=&exhibit=&geolocation-mapped=&geolocation-address=&geolocation-latitude=&geolocation-longitude=&geolocation-radius=10&submit_search=Search+for+items">Richard Sylvan</a>
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<span class="MuiTypography-root-125 MuiTypography-body2-126">The University of Queensland's <a data-testid="rek-series" href="https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/records/search?page=1&pageSize=20&sortBy=score&sortDirection=Desc&searchQueryParams%5Brek_series%5D%5Bvalue%5D=Richard+Sylvan+Papers%2C+UQFL291&searchMode=advanced">Richard Sylvan Papers UQFL291</a></span>, Box 21, Item 705
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
<a href="https://antipodean-antinuclearism.org">Antipodean Antinuclearism: (Re)constructing Richard Routley/Sylvan's Nuclear Philosophy</a>
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
This item was identified for digitisation at the request of The University of Queensland's 2020 Fryer Library Fellow, <a href="https://najtaylor.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Dr. N.A.J. Taylor</a>.
Rights
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For all enquiries about this work, please contact the Fryer Library, The University of Queensland Library.
Format
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[3] leaves. 4.83 MB.
Type
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Manuscript
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
<a href="https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:fac1e9d">https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:fac1e9d</a>
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Como - Shelves - Top - Pile 3
Box 21: More Green
Como House
Como House > Shelves > Top > Pile 3
-
https://www.antipodean-antinuclearism.org/files/original/a189ced358b1393afef9f7d826542628.pdf
d0af317565a9d9f36d50faacc679c810
PDF Text
Text
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Notes, Correspondences and Marginalia
Description
An account of the resource
In one obituary, Sylvan's handwriting was said to have "looked like the oscilloscope for a patient in intensive care", and thus "not for the timid".
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Text
Any textual data included in the document
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Box 21, Item 705: Green book structure notes
Subject
The topic of the resource
Green book structure notes
Description
An account of the resource
Verso of leaves not digitised. One of ten papers digitised from item 705. Title in collection finding aid: RS: Green Book/Structure ms notes.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
<a href="https://antipodean-antinuclearism.org/items/browse?search=Richard+Sylvan&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=39&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=&public=&featured=&exhibit=&geolocation-mapped=&geolocation-address=&geolocation-latitude=&geolocation-longitude=&geolocation-radius=10&submit_search=Search+for+items">Richard Sylvan</a>
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<span class="MuiTypography-root-125 MuiTypography-body2-126">The University of Queensland's <a data-testid="rek-series" href="https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/records/search?page=1&pageSize=20&sortBy=score&sortDirection=Desc&searchQueryParams%5Brek_series%5D%5Bvalue%5D=Richard+Sylvan+Papers%2C+UQFL291&searchMode=advanced">Richard Sylvan Papers UQFL291</a></span>, Box 21, Item 705
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
<a href="https://antipodean-antinuclearism.org">Antipodean Antinuclearism: (Re)constructing Richard Routley/Sylvan's Nuclear Philosophy</a>
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
This item was identified for digitisation at the request of The University of Queensland's 2020 Fryer Library Fellow, <a href="https://najtaylor.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Dr. N.A.J. Taylor</a>.
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
For all enquiries about this work, please contact the Fryer Library, The University of Queensland Library.
Format
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[3] leaves. 4.25 MB.
Type
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Manuscript
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
<a href="https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:64d7a14">https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:64d7a14</a>
Box 21: More Green
Como House
Como House > Shelves > Top > Pile 3
-
https://www.antipodean-antinuclearism.org/files/original/0f964b943768a0b550c989048b28bcf7.pdf
bf3a54c81853242a2b1e5c72b5d37d2f
PDF Text
Text
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Notes, Correspondences and Marginalia
Description
An account of the resource
In one obituary, Sylvan's handwriting was said to have "looked like the oscilloscope for a patient in intensive care", and thus "not for the timid".
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Text
Any textual data included in the document
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Box 21, Item 705: Environmental ethics essays notes on tables of contents
Subject
The topic of the resource
Handwritten notes.
Description
An account of the resource
One of ten papers digitised from item 705. Title in collection finding aid: RS: Env Essays - tables of contents.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
<a href="https://antipodean-antinuclearism.org/items/browse?search=Richard+Sylvan&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=39&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=&public=&featured=&exhibit=&geolocation-mapped=&geolocation-address=&geolocation-latitude=&geolocation-longitude=&geolocation-radius=10&submit_search=Search+for+items">Richard Sylvan</a>
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<span class="MuiTypography-root-125 MuiTypography-body2-126">The University of Queensland's <a data-testid="rek-series" href="https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/records/search?page=1&pageSize=20&sortBy=score&sortDirection=Desc&searchQueryParams%5Brek_series%5D%5Bvalue%5D=Richard+Sylvan+Papers%2C+UQFL291&searchMode=advanced">Richard Sylvan Papers UQFL291</a></span>, Box 21, Item 705
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
<a href="https://antipodean-antinuclearism.org">Antipodean Antinuclearism: (Re)constructing Richard Routley/Sylvan's Nuclear Philosophy</a>
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
This item was identified for digitisation at the request of The University of Queensland's 2020 Fryer Library Fellow, <a href="https://najtaylor.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Dr. N.A.J. Taylor</a>.
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
For all enquiries about this work, please contact the Fryer Library, The University of Queensland Library.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
[1] leaf. 1.62 MB.
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Manuscript
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
<a href="https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:7e4ad6c">https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:7e4ad6c</a>
Box 21: More Green
Como House
Como House > Shelves > Top > Pile 3
-
https://www.antipodean-antinuclearism.org/files/original/0122aea0d6ab5ff6e503045efd0a8414.pdf
79cfdeff421a2cbf59a9f6aa80d048fd
PDF Text
Text
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Notes, Correspondences and Marginalia
Description
An account of the resource
In one obituary, Sylvan's handwriting was said to have "looked like the oscilloscope for a patient in intensive care", and thus "not for the timid".
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Text
Any textual data included in the document
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Box 21, Item 705: Notes on Environmental essays
Subject
The topic of the resource
Handwritten notes, undated. Title top of page: ENV Essays 89 EE89.
Description
An account of the resource
One of ten papers digitised from item 705.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
<a href="https://antipodean-antinuclearism.org/items/browse?search=Richard+Sylvan&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=39&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=&public=&featured=&exhibit=&geolocation-mapped=&geolocation-address=&geolocation-latitude=&geolocation-longitude=&geolocation-radius=10&submit_search=Search+for+items">Richard Sylvan</a>
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<span class="MuiTypography-root-125 MuiTypography-body2-126">The University of Queensland's <a data-testid="rek-series" href="https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/records/search?page=1&pageSize=20&sortBy=score&sortDirection=Desc&searchQueryParams%5Brek_series%5D%5Bvalue%5D=Richard+Sylvan+Papers%2C+UQFL291&searchMode=advanced">Richard Sylvan Papers UQFL291</a></span>, Box 21, Item 705
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
<a href="https://antipodean-antinuclearism.org">Antipodean Antinuclearism: (Re)constructing Richard Routley/Sylvan's Nuclear Philosophy</a>
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
This item was identified for digitisation at the request of The University of Queensland's 2020 Fryer Library Fellow, <a href="https://najtaylor.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Dr. N.A.J. Taylor</a>.
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
For all enquiries about this work, please contact the Fryer Library, The University of Queensland Library.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
[1] leaf. 1.98 MB.
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Manuscript
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
<a href="https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:f83eb35">https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:f83eb35</a>
Box 21: More Green
Como House
Como House > Shelves > Top > Pile 3
-
https://www.antipodean-antinuclearism.org/files/original/7bef76c19973550743e6a466433569dd.pdf
aa9aa1d56900cd8d26174d6c9d500b3e
PDF Text
Text
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Notes, Correspondences and Marginalia
Description
An account of the resource
In one obituary, Sylvan's handwriting was said to have "looked like the oscilloscope for a patient in intensive care", and thus "not for the timid".
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Text
Any textual data included in the document
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Box 21, Item 705: Notes on Collected essays on environmental philosophy
Subject
The topic of the resource
Handwritten notes, dated 1992. Title top of page: Collected essays on environmental philosophy.
Description
An account of the resource
One of ten papers digitised from item 705.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
<a href="https://antipodean-antinuclearism.org/items/browse?search=Richard+Sylvan&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=39&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=&public=&featured=&exhibit=&geolocation-mapped=&geolocation-address=&geolocation-latitude=&geolocation-longitude=&geolocation-radius=10&submit_search=Search+for+items">Richard Sylvan</a>
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<span class="MuiTypography-root-125 MuiTypography-body2-126">The University of Queensland's <a data-testid="rek-series" href="https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/records/search?page=1&pageSize=20&sortBy=score&sortDirection=Desc&searchQueryParams%5Brek_series%5D%5Bvalue%5D=Richard+Sylvan+Papers%2C+UQFL291&searchMode=advanced">Richard Sylvan Papers UQFL291</a></span>, Box 21, Item 705
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
<a href="https://antipodean-antinuclearism.org">Antipodean Antinuclearism: (Re)constructing Richard Routley/Sylvan's Nuclear Philosophy</a>
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1992
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
This item was identified for digitisation at the request of The University of Queensland's 2020 Fryer Library Fellow, <a href="https://najtaylor.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Dr. N.A.J. Taylor</a>.
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
For all enquiries about this work, please contact the Fryer Library, The University of Queensland Library.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
[1] leaf. 1.36 MB.
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Manuscript
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
<a href="https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:770c422">https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:770c422</a>
-
https://www.antipodean-antinuclearism.org/files/original/1537483602872e63b62a5bd262f2039a.pdf
f130a216eb4a497358aaa800dc744fc4
PDF Text
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Notes, Correspondences and Marginalia
Description
An account of the resource
In one obituary, Sylvan's handwriting was said to have "looked like the oscilloscope for a patient in intensive care", and thus "not for the timid".
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
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Any textual data included in the document
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A most interesting 4-some is the Aum, comprising the symbols
AU
MA
the last for silence, before and after each Aum.
Thus each full sequence is
AAUMA
An Aum represents the zoom of life, or, what takes the same pattern, the hum of this
universe. Part of that hum has now been identified, in the back-ground radiation of this
universe.
The pattern the process of this universe follows is in grand outline as follows:
Nothing
Aris^l
U
Big Bang,
achieved by
massive
borrowing of energy
in vacuum state
Maturity
Decline and
Decay,
perhaps through
heat death, and
through return of
borrowed energy
Nothing
The hum emanates from the Big Ban , and terminates with return of borrowings.
The zoom of life follows a similar simple pattern, into which much detail again needs to
be inserted. But for each life the borrowing is from outside material in the environment, not
from nothing. The broad pattern of a life (with several sub-patterns of the same form not
represented) looks like this:
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physico-theology. (1 leaf)
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Photocopy of six pages from unidentified publications. (3 leaves)
HIL050PHY
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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Box 21, Item 708: Notes and cuttings on investigations in numerology
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Handwritten notes, undated, and cuttings from unidentified publications.
Description
An account of the resource
One of eight papers digitised from item 708. Title in collection finding aid: RS: Investigations in Numerology I - clipped bundle of notes + some strays on same topic. Published works redacted from access file (PDF) due to copyright restrictions.
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<a href="https://antipodean-antinuclearism.org/items/browse?search=Richard+Sylvan&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=39&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=&public=&featured=&exhibit=&geolocation-mapped=&geolocation-address=&geolocation-latitude=&geolocation-longitude=&geolocation-radius=10&submit_search=Search+for+items">Richard Sylvan</a>
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<span class="MuiTypography-root-125 MuiTypography-body2-126">The University of Queensland's <a data-testid="rek-series" href="https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/records/search?page=1&pageSize=20&sortBy=score&sortDirection=Desc&searchQueryParams%5Brek_series%5D%5Bvalue%5D=Richard+Sylvan+Papers%2C+UQFL291&searchMode=advanced">Richard Sylvan Papers UQFL291</a></span>, Box 21, Item 708
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<a href="https://antipodean-antinuclearism.org">Antipodean Antinuclearism: (Re)constructing Richard Routley/Sylvan's Nuclear Philosophy</a>
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This item was identified for digitisation at the request of The University of Queensland's 2020 Fryer Library Fellow, <a href="https://najtaylor.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Dr. N.A.J. Taylor</a>.
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<a href="https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:ced267e">https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:ced267e</a>
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Como - Shelves - Top - Pile 3
Box 21: More Green
Como House
Como House > Shelves > Top > Pile 3
-
https://www.antipodean-antinuclearism.org/files/original/6b4b577a786501afaafd82e859e98104.pdf
44ba4cefb5aacc03ad709d0007755408
PDF Text
Text
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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Notes, Correspondences and Marginalia
Description
An account of the resource
In one obituary, Sylvan's handwriting was said to have "looked like the oscilloscope for a patient in intensive care", and thus "not for the timid".
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Text
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'r
/
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/ Z?^t' /*?^ <y
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7
6
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<^<.?1^
^<2-.
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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Box 21, Item 708: Notes on utopia
Subject
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Handwritten notes, undated.
Description
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One of eight papers digitised from item 708. Title in collection finding aid: RS: Utopia: Outopia or Eutopia Ms.
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<a href="https://antipodean-antinuclearism.org/items/browse?search=Richard+Sylvan&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=39&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=&public=&featured=&exhibit=&geolocation-mapped=&geolocation-address=&geolocation-latitude=&geolocation-longitude=&geolocation-radius=10&submit_search=Search+for+items">Richard Sylvan</a>
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<span class="MuiTypography-root-125 MuiTypography-body2-126">The University of Queensland's <a data-testid="rek-series" href="https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/records/search?page=1&pageSize=20&sortBy=score&sortDirection=Desc&searchQueryParams%5Brek_series%5D%5Bvalue%5D=Richard+Sylvan+Papers%2C+UQFL291&searchMode=advanced">Richard Sylvan Papers UQFL291</a></span>, Box 21, Item 708
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<a href="https://antipodean-antinuclearism.org">Antipodean Antinuclearism: (Re)constructing Richard Routley/Sylvan's Nuclear Philosophy</a>
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This item was identified for digitisation at the request of The University of Queensland's 2020 Fryer Library Fellow, <a href="https://najtaylor.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Dr. N.A.J. Taylor</a>.
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<a href="https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:c5d535a">https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:c5d535a</a>
Box 21: More Green
Como House
Como House > Shelves > Top > Pile 3
-
https://www.antipodean-antinuclearism.org/files/original/8834aaf1b324714f2e3774aef33d071c.pdf
d06136786af094263b1bdde256ccf526
PDF Text
Text
ps re Walzer’s discussion of obliteration bombing of German cities
in WWII, have you seen Stephen E Lammers, ’Area Bombing in
World War II: The Argument of Michael Walzer’ (Journal of Religious
Ethics, Vol. 11, Spring 1983)? Lammers offers a much better critiaue
of Walzer’s argument than mine.
The 'alternative defence systems' have, in fact, a much longer history
th^n you let on, and have been studied more intensively than you suggest.
There's a st^ongish pacifist tradition: £.g. in a number of works
by Tolstoy mi 1900-1910 (e.g. The Law of Violence and the Law of Love,
Engl, transl. 1959; ak masses of smaller pamphlets), also Gandhi'is
work (esp. Non-violence in Peace and War, 2 vols. 1942, 1948), and
some work done by Allied pacifists during World War II and slightly
earlier (e.g. J.W. |(ughan, Pacifism and Invasion, published by War
Resisters' League, 19^2). Perhaps most relevant however, are two
post-nuclear collections: Adam Roberts et.al. Civilian Defence
(1965) and Quincy Wright et.al., Preventing World War III: Some
Proposa1s (1962). As I recall, these take one outside a purely
pacifist tradition. Ar^e NaEss has written on the topic - e.g.
'Nonmilitary defence' in Wright, op.cit.; 'A systematization of
Gandhian ethics of conflict resolution' Jrul of Conflict Resolution
(1958). Gene Sharp, who^you cite, has written very extensively on the
topic. But presumably you don't want to get too involved in this
issue - not in this paper anyway.
�Notes
1
Aldridge Bob, The Counterforce SyndromeiA Gu^de__toU^
NuclearrWeapons aAd-^-Sn^egTc-^rine.
Washington, D.0..
Barnet, Hlchard, The Giants.
TransnatTonal Institute, 19?87.
Simon and Schuster, 1977» Barnet, Richard, Real^^Z
New York:
Simon and Schuster, 1981J Ellsberg, Lanlex, **}ter
New York:
See also Sidney Lens, The Day Before
in Current, June 1981.
An Anatomy*of the Nuclear Arms Race.
Bostont
Beacon
Doomsday:
____________ ______
Press, 1977 •
j
Lens, Op. Cit.
2.
3.
"Challenging the Myths of National Securl y , y Rl-h
3.
Barnet, in New York Time_s_Masazln£» Apr^ X’ ^79. Cited ar
elaborated T7I Questions and_Answers_orLthe Sovlet_Threatand
National SecurVtyT^ubilihed by the Disarmament Program of
^Tta^i^TFH^nds Service Committee.
(1501 Cherry Street,
Philadelphia Pennsylvania.)
“Interview**, in Current, June, 19^1*
T
1
Tv-rnnnv
New York: Warner Books, 1979*
5.
See Robert Jungk’ ^^^TcK^topher Trump); Richard Rashdie.
(Tvonoi nted from the German by onrisuopn^x
. r T*
1077
industry.
6. meh.ed Pelt. ■"“^“.r'^rSo^J^rKd.SVr^S!"12"1”’
New York 10036.
Hovt, "The Bishops and the Bomb" (Christianity and
7.
See Robert G. 1982.)| Michael Novak, "Nuclear Morality and
Crisis, August 9»
Man’s Primer on Nuclear Morality" (AmerJ^.
J.A. C’Hare, ’’One 1982); Francis X. Winters, "Catholic Debate
June 26 - July 3#
and Division on Deterrence ' ~merl
_ °christian Century, March 3, 1982.)
Walter Wink, "Nuclear Paralysis
8. John Leslie of the University of
who has reflected
™ preseSte<l «t the Cmedlm Philosophical
ii"
ESX
X' to
I
7 - z/7 zTco> w
�The following has been redacted from access file (PDF) due to copyright restrictions.
Photocopy of three pages (65-67) from unidentified publication, on Peace, war and philosophy,
and Peano Giuseppe. (3 leaves)
�/A/rzw
)(/>
I
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Notes, Correspondences and Marginalia
Description
An account of the resource
In one obituary, Sylvan's handwriting was said to have "looked like the oscilloscope for a patient in intensive care", and thus "not for the timid".
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Text
Any textual data included in the document
ps re Walzer’s discussion of obliteration bombing of German cities
in WWII, have you seen Stephen E Lammers, ’Area Bombing in
World War II: The Argument of Michael Walzer’ (Journal of Religious
Ethics, Vol. 11, Spring 1983)? Lammers offers a much better critiaue
of Walzer’s argument than mine.
The 'alternative defence systems' have, in fact, a much longer history
th^n you let on, and have been studied more intensively than you suggest.
There's a st^ongish pacifist tradition: £.g. in a number of works
by Tolstoy mi 1900-1910 (e.g. The Law of Violence and the Law of Love,
Engl, transl. 1959; ak masses of smaller pamphlets), also Gandhi'is
work (esp. Non-violence in Peace and War, 2 vols. 1942, 1948), and
some work done by Allied pacifists during World War II and slightly
earlier (e.g. J.W. |(ughan, Pacifism and Invasion, published by War
Resisters' League, 19^2). Perhaps most relevant however, are two
post-nuclear collections: Adam Roberts et.al. Civilian Defence
(1965) and Quincy Wright et.al., Preventing World War III: Some
Proposa1s (1962). As I recall, these take one outside a purely
pacifist tradition. Ar^e NaEss has written on the topic - e.g.
'Nonmilitary defence' in Wright, op.cit.; 'A systematization of
Gandhian ethics of conflict resolution' Jrul of Conflict Resolution
(1958). Gene Sharp, who^you cite, has written very extensively on the
topic. But presumably you don't want to get too involved in this
issue - not in this paper anyway.
Notes
1
Aldridge Bob, The Counterforce SyndromeiA Gu^de__toU^
NuclearrWeapons aAd-^-Sn^egTc-^rine.
Washington, D.0..
Barnet, Hlchard, The Giants.
TransnatTonal Institute, 19?87.
Simon and Schuster, 1977» Barnet, Richard, Real^^Z
New York:
Simon and Schuster, 1981J Ellsberg, Lanlex, **}ter
New York:
See also Sidney Lens, The Day Before
in Current, June 1981.
An Anatomy*of the Nuclear Arms Race.
Bostont
Beacon
Doomsday:
____________ ______
Press, 1977 •
j
Lens, Op. Cit.
2.
3.
"Challenging the Myths of National Securl y , y Rl-h
3.
Barnet, in New York Time_s_Masazln£» Apr^ X’ ^79. Cited ar
elaborated T7I Questions and_Answers_orLthe Sovlet_Threatand
National SecurVtyT^ubilihed by the Disarmament Program of
^Tta^i^TFH^nds Service Committee.
(1501 Cherry Street,
Philadelphia Pennsylvania.)
“Interview**, in Current, June, 19^1*
T
1
Tv-rnnnv
New York: Warner Books, 1979*
5.
See Robert Jungk’ ^^^TcK^topher Trump); Richard Rashdie.
(Tvonoi nted from the German by onrisuopn^x
. r T*
1077
industry.
6. meh.ed Pelt. ■"“^“.r'^rSo^J^rKd.SVr^S!"12"1”’
New York 10036.
Hovt, "The Bishops and the Bomb" (Christianity and
7.
See Robert G. 1982.)| Michael Novak, "Nuclear Morality and
Crisis, August 9»
Man’s Primer on Nuclear Morality" (AmerJ^.
J.A. C’Hare, ’’One 1982); Francis X. Winters, "Catholic Debate
June 26 - July 3#
and Division on Deterrence ' ~merl
_ °christian Century, March 3, 1982.)
Walter Wink, "Nuclear Paralysis
8. John Leslie of the University of
who has reflected
™ preseSte<l «t the Cmedlm Philosophical
ii"
ESX
X' to
I
7 - z/7 zTco> w
The following has been redacted from access file (PDF) due to copyright restrictions.
Photocopy of three pages (65-67) from unidentified publication, on Peace, war and philosophy,
and Peano Giuseppe. (3 leaves)
/A/rzw
)(/>
I
Dublin Core
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Title
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Box 106, Item 2: Miscellaneous notes and cutting on defence
Subject
The topic of the resource
Handwritten notes on scrap paper, and cutting from unidentified publication.
Description
An account of the resource
Verso of scrap papers not digitised. Cutting redacted from access file (PDF) due to copyright restrictions. Notes and cutting housed in unnumbered folder marked Australia's Defence. Item number assigned by library staff. One of three notes/papers digitised from item 2.
Creator
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<a href="https://antipodean-antinuclearism.org/items/browse?search=Richard+Sylvan&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=39&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=&public=&featured=&exhibit=&geolocation-mapped=&geolocation-address=&geolocation-latitude=&geolocation-longitude=&geolocation-radius=10&submit_search=Search+for+items">Richard Sylvan</a>
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<span class="MuiTypography-root-125 MuiTypography-body2-126">The University of Queensland's <a data-testid="rek-series" href="https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/records/search?page=1&pageSize=20&sortBy=score&sortDirection=Desc&searchQueryParams%5Brek_series%5D%5Bvalue%5D=Richard+Sylvan+Papers%2C+UQFL291&searchMode=advanced">Richard Sylvan Papers UQFL291</a></span>, Box 106, Item 2
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<a href="https://antipodean-antinuclearism.org">Antipodean Antinuclearism: (Re)constructing Richard Routley/Sylvan's Nuclear Philosophy</a>
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This item was identified for digitisation at the request of The University of Queensland's 2020 Fryer Library Fellow, <a href="https://najtaylor.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Dr. N.A.J. Taylor</a>.
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For all enquiries about this work, please contact the Fryer Library, The University of Queensland Library.
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[6] leaves. 1.91 MB.
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Manuscript
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<a href="https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:d6f1b48">https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:d6f1b48</a>
Box 106: Culture, Politics, Environment, Economics [War and Peace]
-
https://www.antipodean-antinuclearism.org/files/original/382a1128067b3cf4c3bcc193ab4cac7d.pdf
b45dc2ea94eb2ca3936e966fc7a70ea7
PDF Text
Text
ETHICS PROJECTS AND ISSUES
1
l
That of putting together and justifying as
largely
evaded
Aristotelean,
outside
one
of
two
.
whole a svstem of ethics. ~t ask is ~
One
traditions.
which sets out with a
74.
R
where
it
is
tackled
is
the
conception of Man's end or uJ timate good, and
),J(
/ .'
)(~
then endeavours to show that the virtuous life - which is what ethics concerns - wilJ
1
ff/f'O
fulfil this or realise it.
By contrast,
Cicero begins with a fairly full-fledp-ed colJ ection of duties and
makes some attempt at showing personal advantage will not clash with those.
for
Duty's
together:
sake
requires a .iustification.
And collections
,-e_ 9. ~ ,; ~ru.:t:
there is a ~grneu-+: of coherence on ethical svstems .
21 Why want fallacies, such as those
fallacies?
be.
J abel1ec'l
have
naturaJ ism and
to
But nuty
be
pulled
prescriptive,
RR
Because if they weren't fallacies too much that is not determined would
Briefly,
one would not
expect
that is ohligatory or good
to fol low from the
scientific facts, because that would determine which value system to adhere to .
But
there is not a fina1 unique system delivered from the facts.
31
Def ea ting
objections
achieved by
to
consequentionalist objections
reliance
on
principles
( act - ) utilitarianism
is
that
to deontics .
sometjmes
a
One of the frequent
better outcome
or like act consequentialism ,
that ob,jection no longer carries any weight .
can
be
Under satisizing
It is· enough , at most , that application
of the principle yields a sufficiently good outcome .
T
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Notes, Correspondences and Marginalia
Description
An account of the resource
In one obituary, Sylvan's handwriting was said to have "looked like the oscilloscope for a patient in intensive care", and thus "not for the timid".
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Text
Any textual data included in the document
ETHICS PROJECTS AND ISSUES
1
l
That of putting together and justifying as
largely
evaded
Aristotelean,
outside
one
of
two
.
whole a svstem of ethics. ~t ask is ~
One
traditions.
which sets out with a
74.
R
where
it
is
tackled
is
the
conception of Man's end or uJ timate good, and
),J(
/ .'
)(~
then endeavours to show that the virtuous life - which is what ethics concerns - wilJ
1
ff/f'O
fulfil this or realise it.
By contrast,
Cicero begins with a fairly full-fledp-ed colJ ection of duties and
makes some attempt at showing personal advantage will not clash with those.
for
Duty's
together:
sake
requires a .iustification.
And collections
,-e_ 9. ~ ,; ~ru.:t:
there is a ~grneu-+: of coherence on ethical svstems .
21 Why want fallacies, such as those
fallacies?
be.
J abel1ec'l
have
naturaJ ism and
to
But nuty
be
pulled
prescriptive,
RR
Because if they weren't fallacies too much that is not determined would
Briefly,
one would not
expect
that is ohligatory or good
to fol low from the
scientific facts, because that would determine which value system to adhere to .
But
there is not a fina1 unique system delivered from the facts.
31
Def ea ting
objections
achieved by
to
consequentionalist objections
reliance
on
principles
( act - ) utilitarianism
is
that
to deontics .
sometjmes
a
One of the frequent
better outcome
or like act consequentialism ,
that ob,jection no longer carries any weight .
can
be
Under satisizing
It is· enough , at most , that application
of the principle yields a sufficiently good outcome .
T
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Box 59, Item 683: Draft of Ethics projects and issues
Subject
The topic of the resource
Typescript draft, with emendations and annotations.
Description
An account of the resource
Note, one of three papers digitised from item 683.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
<a href="https://antipodean-antinuclearism.org/items/browse?search=Richard+Sylvan&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=39&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=&public=&featured=&exhibit=&geolocation-mapped=&geolocation-address=&geolocation-latitude=&geolocation-longitude=&geolocation-radius=10&submit_search=Search+for+items">Richard Sylvan</a>
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<span class="MuiTypography-root-125 MuiTypography-body2-126">The University of Queensland's <a data-testid="rek-series" href="https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/records/search?page=1&pageSize=20&sortBy=score&sortDirection=Desc&searchQueryParams%5Brek_series%5D%5Bvalue%5D=Richard+Sylvan+Papers%2C+UQFL291&searchMode=advanced">Richard Sylvan Papers UQFL291</a></span>, Box 59, Item 683
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
<a href="https://antipodean-antinuclearism.org">Antipodean Antinuclearism: (Re)constructing Richard Routley/Sylvan's Nuclear Philosophy</a>
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
This item was identified for digitisation at the request of The University of Queensland's 2020 Fryer Library Fellow, <a href="https://najtaylor.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Dr. N.A.J. Taylor</a>.
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For all enquiries about this work, please contact the Fryer Library, The University of Queensland Library.
Format
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[1] leaf. 794.1 KB.
Type
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Manuscript
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
<a href="https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:fa52764">https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:fa52764</a>
Box 59: Nuclear
Como House
Como House > Cupboard > Pile 3
-
https://www.antipodean-antinuclearism.org/files/original/9a0eaf07f4febb1ac32bde2cd9f153e1.pdf
05c51d75c317aed7f6e3c1eb1eb7d7d6
PDF Text
Text
UTILITARIANISM AS SUPEREROGATION:
Maximizing versus satisizing in value theory
One ought always to act in such a way as to maximi2e utility - or, in more
Kantian imperatival form:
Act only in such a way that you action would serve
to maximize net expected utility.
or
explained j
The5 e are ways utilitarianism is sometimes put
naturally these preliminaries have to be followed up by a lot of
{ pt9rl.~1:) :u~/J
work trying to cash out utility in terms of.,\features - such as pleasure or
happiness - of members of some other base class.
But the further detail s are
not the present concern - which is with the maximisation principles which are
in fact corrnnon to
often confused
utilitarianism and other positions, such as consequentialism,
with utilitarianism.
To maximize is however often to go far beyond what is required .
Utilitarianism is now, its main revolutionary force spent, treated with
a gen tle toleration it does not really deserve.
Certainly its application can
still serve for the underwriting of worthwhile causes, such as opposition to
racism or nuclear escalation:
so however can most rival ethical positions.
But
its application can also serve a numb er of undesirable, or even pernicious ends,
and not merely with ~aJ e:
directions.
its serious adoption forces adherents in these
Examples include approaches to world population, the maximization of
numbers being a constrained utilitarian objective, and on Lhe natural
environ-
ment, it being a mere instrument for human (or creature) uti)ity under ut i litarianism.
So, for those with environmental perception and respect, utilitarianism
should not be simply tolerated, as a reasonable and respectable ethical position:
it shou ld be rejected, and bette:, actively resisted.
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Notes, Correspondences and Marginalia
Description
An account of the resource
In one obituary, Sylvan's handwriting was said to have "looked like the oscilloscope for a patient in intensive care", and thus "not for the timid".
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Text
Any textual data included in the document
UTILITARIANISM AS SUPEREROGATION:
Maximizing versus satisizing in value theory
One ought always to act in such a way as to maximi2e utility - or, in more
Kantian imperatival form:
Act only in such a way that you action would serve
to maximize net expected utility.
or
explained j
The5 e are ways utilitarianism is sometimes put
naturally these preliminaries have to be followed up by a lot of
{ pt9rl.~1:) :u~/J
work trying to cash out utility in terms of.,\features - such as pleasure or
happiness - of members of some other base class.
But the further detail s are
not the present concern - which is with the maximisation principles which are
in fact corrnnon to
often confused
utilitarianism and other positions, such as consequentialism,
with utilitarianism.
To maximize is however often to go far beyond what is required .
Utilitarianism is now, its main revolutionary force spent, treated with
a gen tle toleration it does not really deserve.
Certainly its application can
still serve for the underwriting of worthwhile causes, such as opposition to
racism or nuclear escalation:
so however can most rival ethical positions.
But
its application can also serve a numb er of undesirable, or even pernicious ends,
and not merely with ~aJ e:
directions.
its serious adoption forces adherents in these
Examples include approaches to world population, the maximization of
numbers being a constrained utilitarian objective, and on Lhe natural
environ-
ment, it being a mere instrument for human (or creature) uti)ity under ut i litarianism.
So, for those with environmental perception and respect, utilitarianism
should not be simply tolerated, as a reasonable and respectable ethical position:
it shou ld be rejected, and bette:, actively resisted.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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Box 59, Item 683: Draft appendix, notes and cutting on utilitarianism
Subject
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Typescript draft, with emendations and annotations. Includes photocopy of pages from publication by Hutcheson, with a note from Charles to Richard. Hutcheson F (1755) System of moral philosophy. A System of Moral Philosophy, Volume 2, Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139583688.019
Description
An account of the resource
Note, one of three papers digitised from item 683. Title in collection finding aid: Appendix: ts + ms draft - attached to xc from Hutcheson 'Adventitious Rights'. Published work redacted from access file (PDF) due to copyright restrictions.
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<a href="https://antipodean-antinuclearism.org/items/browse?search=Richard+Sylvan&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=39&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=&public=&featured=&exhibit=&geolocation-mapped=&geolocation-address=&geolocation-latitude=&geolocation-longitude=&geolocation-radius=10&submit_search=Search+for+items">Richard Sylvan</a>
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<span class="MuiTypography-root-125 MuiTypography-body2-126">The University of Queensland's <a data-testid="rek-series" href="https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/records/search?page=1&pageSize=20&sortBy=score&sortDirection=Desc&searchQueryParams%5Brek_series%5D%5Bvalue%5D=Richard+Sylvan+Papers%2C+UQFL291&searchMode=advanced">Richard Sylvan Papers UQFL291</a></span>, Box 59, Item 683
Publisher
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<a href="https://antipodean-antinuclearism.org">Antipodean Antinuclearism: (Re)constructing Richard Routley/Sylvan's Nuclear Philosophy</a>
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This item was identified for digitisation at the request of The University of Queensland's 2020 Fryer Library Fellow, <a href="https://najtaylor.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Dr. N.A.J. Taylor</a>.
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For all enquiries about this work, please contact the Fryer Library, The University of Queensland Library.
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[8] leaves. 1.93 MB.
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<a href="https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:7aded01">https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:7aded01</a>
Box 59: Nuclear
-
https://www.antipodean-antinuclearism.org/files/original/b53260d8b71b1e884c7cd83c19548c36.pdf
05c51d75c317aed7f6e3c1eb1eb7d7d6
PDF Text
Text
UTILITARIANISM AS SUPEREROGATION:
Maximizing versus satisizing in value theory
One ought always to act in such a way as to maximi2e utility - or, in more
Kantian imperatival form:
Act only in such a way that you action would serve
to maximize net expected utility.
or
explained j
The5 e are ways utilitarianism is sometimes put
naturally these preliminaries have to be followed up by a lot of
{ pt9rl.~1:) :u~/J
work trying to cash out utility in terms of.,\features - such as pleasure or
happiness - of members of some other base class.
But the further detail s are
not the present concern - which is with the maximisation principles which are
in fact corrnnon to
often confused
utilitarianism and other positions, such as consequentialism,
with utilitarianism.
To maximize is however often to go far beyond what is required .
Utilitarianism is now, its main revolutionary force spent, treated with
a gen tle toleration it does not really deserve.
Certainly its application can
still serve for the underwriting of worthwhile causes, such as opposition to
racism or nuclear escalation:
so however can most rival ethical positions.
But
its application can also serve a numb er of undesirable, or even pernicious ends,
and not merely with ~aJ e:
directions.
its serious adoption forces adherents in these
Examples include approaches to world population, the maximization of
numbers being a constrained utilitarian objective, and on Lhe natural
environ-
ment, it being a mere instrument for human (or creature) uti)ity under ut i litarianism.
So, for those with environmental perception and respect, utilitarianism
should not be simply tolerated, as a reasonable and respectable ethical position:
it shou ld be rejected, and bette:, actively resisted.
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Notes, Correspondences and Marginalia
Description
An account of the resource
In one obituary, Sylvan's handwriting was said to have "looked like the oscilloscope for a patient in intensive care", and thus "not for the timid".
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Text
Any textual data included in the document
UTILITARIANISM AS SUPEREROGATION:
Maximizing versus satisizing in value theory
One ought always to act in such a way as to maximi2e utility - or, in more
Kantian imperatival form:
Act only in such a way that you action would serve
to maximize net expected utility.
or
explained j
The5 e are ways utilitarianism is sometimes put
naturally these preliminaries have to be followed up by a lot of
{ pt9rl.~1:) :u~/J
work trying to cash out utility in terms of.,\features - such as pleasure or
happiness - of members of some other base class.
But the further detail s are
not the present concern - which is with the maximisation principles which are
in fact corrnnon to
often confused
utilitarianism and other positions, such as consequentialism,
with utilitarianism.
To maximize is however often to go far beyond what is required .
Utilitarianism is now, its main revolutionary force spent, treated with
a gen tle toleration it does not really deserve.
Certainly its application can
still serve for the underwriting of worthwhile causes, such as opposition to
racism or nuclear escalation:
so however can most rival ethical positions.
But
its application can also serve a numb er of undesirable, or even pernicious ends,
and not merely with ~aJ e:
directions.
its serious adoption forces adherents in these
Examples include approaches to world population, the maximization of
numbers being a constrained utilitarian objective, and on Lhe natural
environ-
ment, it being a mere instrument for human (or creature) uti)ity under ut i litarianism.
So, for those with environmental perception and respect, utilitarianism
should not be simply tolerated, as a reasonable and respectable ethical position:
it shou ld be rejected, and bette:, actively resisted.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Box 59, Item 683: Draft of Utilitarianism as supererogatory: maximizing versus satisizing in value theory
Subject
The topic of the resource
Typescript draft, with emendations and annotations.
Description
An account of the resource
Note, one of three papers digitised from item 683.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
<a href="https://antipodean-antinuclearism.org/items/browse?search=Richard+Sylvan&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=39&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=&public=&featured=&exhibit=&geolocation-mapped=&geolocation-address=&geolocation-latitude=&geolocation-longitude=&geolocation-radius=10&submit_search=Search+for+items">Richard Sylvan</a>
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<span class="MuiTypography-root-125 MuiTypography-body2-126">The University of Queensland's <a data-testid="rek-series" href="https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/records/search?page=1&pageSize=20&sortBy=score&sortDirection=Desc&searchQueryParams%5Brek_series%5D%5Bvalue%5D=Richard+Sylvan+Papers%2C+UQFL291&searchMode=advanced">Richard Sylvan Papers UQFL291</a></span>, Box 59, Item 683
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
<a href="https://antipodean-antinuclearism.org">Antipodean Antinuclearism: (Re)constructing Richard Routley/Sylvan's Nuclear Philosophy</a>
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
This item was identified for digitisation at the request of The University of Queensland's 2020 Fryer Library Fellow, <a href="https://najtaylor.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Dr. N.A.J. Taylor</a>.
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
For all enquiries about this work, please contact the Fryer Library, The University of Queensland Library.
Format
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[1] leaf. 503.45 KB.
Type
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Manuscript
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
<a href="https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:da9203b">https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:da9203b</a>
Box 59: Nuclear
Como House
Como House > Cupboard > Pile 3
-
https://www.antipodean-antinuclearism.org/files/original/751b703fda71fa9f2929cc0337db77cb.pdf
1419dad761d2e92700a8b87ce6cff449
PDF Text
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drLve Ls at work Ln Brentano, whLch Ls ManLfested
especLaLLy Ln hLs exLstentLaL reductLon prograM, Lt Ls a heavLLy qualLfLed
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the
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where
a
two
God
world
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between
theoretLcaL
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was the greatest good, and a practLcaL or secular
reaLM, where utLLLtarLanLsM prevaLLed. The utLLLtarLan
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tiof
is
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is
's
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The correctness of loving and hating, like that of
truly, or correctly, then the hypothetical judgment bejudging, is objective in that it' is impossible for anyone to
comes: "He apodictically rejects judgers who are both
correctly what anyone else hat.es correctly or to love
love
disjuncThe
correct A-acceptors and correct B-rejectors."
what anyone else hates incorrectly.
incorrectly
there
or
A's
are
there
either
that
judges
"He
tive judgment
Ethics must make use of the comparative concept bet•
are B's" could then become "He apodictically . rejects
~ ;11r\ ter than, for which there is no analogue in the theory of
judgers who are both correct A-rejectors and correct B1
. ~ ) knowledge. "A is better than B," according to Brentano,
rej:.!ctors."
h..1 ,- • means that it is correct to prefer A, as an end, to B.
The philosophical consequences of this nonpropositionEvidence and truth. Brentano's views on evidence and
~___,.al theory of judgment are far-reaching. One consequence is
· truth may be found in the posthumously published
~
an interpretation of Kant's dictum that "existence" is not a
Wahrheit und Evidenz (Oskar Kraus, ed., Leipzig, W30).
(
predicate. According to Brentano, when we say that A
The distinction between judging on the basis of evidence
'exist:
of
attribute
an
exists, "it is not the conjunction of
and judging "blindly" is not to be described in terms of
ence' with 'A,' but 'A' itself which we affirm." The word
instinct, feelings, degree of convictio.n, or impulse to be"exists" is a synsemantic tern1 that is used to express the
lieve. We arrive at the general concept of being evident,
act of judgment.
according to Brentano, in the same way we arrive at the
All of the doctrines set forth above fall within the provconcept of a correct emotion: by contemplating actual
Unpsychology.
ince of what Brentano called descriptive
instances of the concept, in this case actual instances of
and
genetic
ng
psychology-includi
experimental
like
evident judgments and of blind judgments.
physiological psychology-descrip tive psychology, accordEvery evident judgment is either directly or indirectly
ing to Brentano, is an exact science, capable of arriving at
if a judgment is indirectly evident, tts evidence is
evident;
laws that hold true universally and not merely . "for the
ultimately, by judgments that are directly eviconferred,
even
is
and
philosophy
all
for
basis
most part." It is the
dent. Directly evident judgments are of two kinds. First,
capable of providing a characteristica universalis of the
there are the judgments of "inner perception," such as the
sort that Leibniz had conceived. J)escriptive psychology is
that I am now judging in a certain way, that I
judgments
closely related to what Husser! was to call phenomenolsuch-and-such, that I think I remember so-andsee
to
seem
from
Vienna
in
ogy. Husser! had studied with Brentano
so. Second, there are judgments of reason or insights (Ei111884 to 1886, when Brentano used the expression besichten), such as the judgments that two things are more
schreibende Phiinomenologie ("descriptive phenomenolthan one thing; that that which is red is, as such, other than
ogy") as an alternative name for descriptive psychology.
that ·which is green; that there cannot be a triangle with
of
doctrine
Brentano's
(Husser! later wrote that without
four sides; or that a whole cannot exist if its parts do not
intentionality, "phenomenology could not have come into
exist.
being at all.") Brentano's conception of psychology has led
Every judgment that is evident is true, but not every
some of his critics to accuse him of what Frege and Husthat is true is evident. Most judgments of "outer
judgment
does
serl called psychologism. However, this accusation
(of the external world), Brentano believed, are
perception"
his
and
evidence
of
theory
Brentano's
account
not take into
true, but all of them are "blind"; they are not evident. He
moral philosophy, both of which he took to be branches of
argued, howeve r, that the hypoth esis of a three-dimendescriptive psychology.
sional external world , with its familiar details concerning
Moral philosophy. Brentano's ethical views are set forth
physical bodies, has an "infinitely greater probability"
ed.,
3d
1889;
(Leipzig,
Erkenntnis
in Ursprung sittlicher
than any of its alternative s. Judgments based on memory,
Oskar Kraus, ed., 1934), translated by Cecil Hague as The
too, are "blind"; but many of them confirm each other, and
Origin of Our Knowledge of Right and Wrong (London,
they are worthy of our confide nce.
1902), and in Grundlegung und Aujbau der Ethik ("The
In WahrheU und Evidenz Brentano characterized truth
ed.,
Mayer-Hillebrand,
.
Basis and Structure of Ethics," F
reference to evidence: "Truth pertains to the judgment
by
assumpthe
upon
ethics
his
based
Bern, 1952). Brentano
of the person who judges correctly ... hence it pertains
tion that the members o( the third class of mental pheto the judgment of one who asserts what the person who
nomena, loving and hating, may be said to be correct or
judges with evid e nce would as sert" (p. 130). In addition,
incorrect, just as judgments may be said to be correct or into say that A exists is to say that anyone who judged about
correct. To say that something,_!\, is good is to say that it ') lrl'
with evidence would accept A, and to say that A does not
A
~~I
,
apodictiis
it
is,
that
is impossible to love A incorrectly;
exist is to say that anyone who judged about A with evi / ~ .>
cally to reject incorrect lovers of A Analogously, to say that
dence would reject A The "measure of all things," then, is
rect haters of A
A is bad is apodictically to ga·
the man who judges with evidence.
The only way to grasp the concept of correct emotion,
However, these statements, relating truth to evidence,
emoof
cases
actual
according to Brentano, is to contrast
not give us the whole of Brentano's theory of truth .
do
emotions
of
cases
with
correct"
as
"qualified
are
tions that
"Evident" is said to be predicate in the strict sense of the
that are not. This is analogous to the way in which we
term, but "true" and "exists" are not, being only synseunderstand, for example, what it is to be red and what it is
mantic. This brings us to Brentano's theory of categories.
·
to be colored. Thus we learn that knowledge is good, joy
Theory of categories. The basic theses of Brentano's
enrichment
every
bad),
is
what
in
is good (unless it is joy
theory of categories may be stated as (I) there is nothing
within the realm of ideas is good, love of the ood is ood, IJJI
other than concrete particular things, and (2) every judglove of the a is bad and the ri ht end in life is to choose prr
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�The following has been redacted from access file (PDF) due to copyright restrictions.
Photocopy of title page and two pages from McAlister L L (ed) (1976) The philosophy of Brentano,
Duckwort, 36-37. (2 leaves)
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Notes, Correspondences and Marginalia
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In one obituary, Sylvan's handwriting was said to have "looked like the oscilloscope for a patient in intensive care", and thus "not for the timid".
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Annotated photocopy of twenty-five pages from McAlister L (1982) The development of Franz
Bretano's ethics, Rodopi, 78-129, 154-155. (13 leaves)
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LndLscrLMi,nate
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u~ LlLtarLanLsM
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as
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pte.3sures
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Lntellectually
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wLth
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stLl,I, 1,ess coutd /4e ever ctLMb down to a
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though
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spLrLtual
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drLve Ls at work Ln Brentano, whLch Ls ManLfested
especLaLLy Ln hLs exLstentLaL reductLon prograM, Lt Ls a heavLLy qualLfLed
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where
a
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God
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was the greatest good, and a practLcaL or secular
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The correctness of loving and hating, like that of
truly, or correctly, then the hypothetical judgment bejudging, is objective in that it' is impossible for anyone to
comes: "He apodictically rejects judgers who are both
correctly what anyone else hat.es correctly or to love
love
disjuncThe
correct A-acceptors and correct B-rejectors."
what anyone else hates incorrectly.
incorrectly
there
or
A's
are
there
either
that
judges
"He
tive judgment
Ethics must make use of the comparative concept bet•
are B's" could then become "He apodictically . rejects
~ ;11r\ ter than, for which there is no analogue in the theory of
judgers who are both correct A-rejectors and correct B1
. ~ ) knowledge. "A is better than B," according to Brentano,
rej:.!ctors."
h..1 ,- • means that it is correct to prefer A, as an end, to B.
The philosophical consequences of this nonpropositionEvidence and truth. Brentano's views on evidence and
~___,.al theory of judgment are far-reaching. One consequence is
· truth may be found in the posthumously published
~
an interpretation of Kant's dictum that "existence" is not a
Wahrheit und Evidenz (Oskar Kraus, ed., Leipzig, W30).
(
predicate. According to Brentano, when we say that A
The distinction between judging on the basis of evidence
'exist:
of
attribute
an
exists, "it is not the conjunction of
and judging "blindly" is not to be described in terms of
ence' with 'A,' but 'A' itself which we affirm." The word
instinct, feelings, degree of convictio.n, or impulse to be"exists" is a synsemantic tern1 that is used to express the
lieve. We arrive at the general concept of being evident,
act of judgment.
according to Brentano, in the same way we arrive at the
All of the doctrines set forth above fall within the provconcept of a correct emotion: by contemplating actual
Unpsychology.
ince of what Brentano called descriptive
instances of the concept, in this case actual instances of
and
genetic
ng
psychology-includi
experimental
like
evident judgments and of blind judgments.
physiological psychology-descrip tive psychology, accordEvery evident judgment is either directly or indirectly
ing to Brentano, is an exact science, capable of arriving at
if a judgment is indirectly evident, tts evidence is
evident;
laws that hold true universally and not merely . "for the
ultimately, by judgments that are directly eviconferred,
even
is
and
philosophy
all
for
basis
most part." It is the
dent. Directly evident judgments are of two kinds. First,
capable of providing a characteristica universalis of the
there are the judgments of "inner perception," such as the
sort that Leibniz had conceived. J)escriptive psychology is
that I am now judging in a certain way, that I
judgments
closely related to what Husser! was to call phenomenolsuch-and-such, that I think I remember so-andsee
to
seem
from
Vienna
in
ogy. Husser! had studied with Brentano
so. Second, there are judgments of reason or insights (Ei111884 to 1886, when Brentano used the expression besichten), such as the judgments that two things are more
schreibende Phiinomenologie ("descriptive phenomenolthan one thing; that that which is red is, as such, other than
ogy") as an alternative name for descriptive psychology.
that ·which is green; that there cannot be a triangle with
of
doctrine
Brentano's
(Husser! later wrote that without
four sides; or that a whole cannot exist if its parts do not
intentionality, "phenomenology could not have come into
exist.
being at all.") Brentano's conception of psychology has led
Every judgment that is evident is true, but not every
some of his critics to accuse him of what Frege and Husthat is true is evident. Most judgments of "outer
judgment
does
serl called psychologism. However, this accusation
(of the external world), Brentano believed, are
perception"
his
and
evidence
of
theory
Brentano's
account
not take into
true, but all of them are "blind"; they are not evident. He
moral philosophy, both of which he took to be branches of
argued, howeve r, that the hypoth esis of a three-dimendescriptive psychology.
sional external world , with its familiar details concerning
Moral philosophy. Brentano's ethical views are set forth
physical bodies, has an "infinitely greater probability"
ed.,
3d
1889;
(Leipzig,
Erkenntnis
in Ursprung sittlicher
than any of its alternative s. Judgments based on memory,
Oskar Kraus, ed., 1934), translated by Cecil Hague as The
too, are "blind"; but many of them confirm each other, and
Origin of Our Knowledge of Right and Wrong (London,
they are worthy of our confide nce.
1902), and in Grundlegung und Aujbau der Ethik ("The
In WahrheU und Evidenz Brentano characterized truth
ed.,
Mayer-Hillebrand,
.
Basis and Structure of Ethics," F
reference to evidence: "Truth pertains to the judgment
by
assumpthe
upon
ethics
his
based
Bern, 1952). Brentano
of the person who judges correctly ... hence it pertains
tion that the members o( the third class of mental pheto the judgment of one who asserts what the person who
nomena, loving and hating, may be said to be correct or
judges with evid e nce would as sert" (p. 130). In addition,
incorrect, just as judgments may be said to be correct or into say that A exists is to say that anyone who judged about
correct. To say that something,_!\, is good is to say that it ') lrl'
with evidence would accept A, and to say that A does not
A
~~I
,
apodictiis
it
is,
that
is impossible to love A incorrectly;
exist is to say that anyone who judged about A with evi / ~ .>
cally to reject incorrect lovers of A Analogously, to say that
dence would reject A The "measure of all things," then, is
rect haters of A
A is bad is apodictically to ga·
the man who judges with evidence.
The only way to grasp the concept of correct emotion,
However, these statements, relating truth to evidence,
emoof
cases
actual
according to Brentano, is to contrast
not give us the whole of Brentano's theory of truth .
do
emotions
of
cases
with
correct"
as
"qualified
are
tions that
"Evident" is said to be predicate in the strict sense of the
that are not. This is analogous to the way in which we
term, but "true" and "exists" are not, being only synseunderstand, for example, what it is to be red and what it is
mantic. This brings us to Brentano's theory of categories.
·
to be colored. Thus we learn that knowledge is good, joy
Theory of categories. The basic theses of Brentano's
enrichment
every
bad),
is
what
in
is good (unless it is joy
theory of categories may be stated as (I) there is nothing
within the realm of ideas is good, love of the ood is ood, IJJI
other than concrete particular things, and (2) every judglove of the a is bad and the ri ht end in life is to choose prr
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The following has been redacted from access file (PDF) due to copyright restrictions.
Photocopy of title page and two pages from McAlister L L (ed) (1976) The philosophy of Brentano,
Duckwort, 36-37. (2 leaves)
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Box 59, Item 682: Notes and cuttings on Franz Brentano
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Published works redacted from access file (PDF) due to copyright restrictions. Title in collection finding aid: Manilla Folder - Brentano - Better, = Correct Pref. RS: many v. misc ms notes on Brentano (but also other topics: including Broad on Sidgwick).
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<span class="MuiTypography-root-125 MuiTypography-body2-126">The University of Queensland's <a data-testid="rek-series" href="https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/records/search?page=1&pageSize=20&sortBy=score&sortDirection=Desc&searchQueryParams%5Brek_series%5D%5Bvalue%5D=Richard+Sylvan+Papers%2C+UQFL291&searchMode=advanced">Richard Sylvan Papers UQFL291</a></span>, Box 59, Item 682
Publisher
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<a href="https://antipodean-antinuclearism.org">Antipodean Antinuclearism: (Re)constructing Richard Routley/Sylvan's Nuclear Philosophy</a>
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This item was identified for digitisation at the request of The University of Queensland's 2020 Fryer Library Fellow, <a href="https://najtaylor.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Dr. N.A.J. Taylor</a>.
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For all enquiries about this work, please contact the Fryer Library, The University of Queensland Library.
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[37] leaves. 14.09 MB.
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Manuscript
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<a href="https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:00cae17">https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:00cae17</a>
Box 59: Nuclear
Como House
Como House > Cupboard > Pile 3
-
https://www.antipodean-antinuclearism.org/files/original/74c5918ce1775b9771b6ab241d1cfda9.pdf
d64b9b726171c91b2c89e43f71832e29
PDF Text
Text
✓
f
/
/ Z
)
The Australian National University
■The Research School of Social Sciences
Department of Philosophy
reference
Post Office Box 4 Canberra ACT 2600
Telegrams & cables natuniv Canberra
Telex aa 62694 sopac
'telephone 062-49 $111
22 July 1983
John Martin
10 Alamein Avenue
WARRACKNABEAL
VIC
3393
Dear John,
Thank you for the July 83 copy of The Deep Ecologist.
I
certainly think that such a network newsletter is a fine idea (and
my sub. follows under separate cover).
I should confess, however, that I was alarmed by the extent
to which shallow ecology - which already has an excellent press had crept into the issue. In particular, the centerpiece article,
purportedly on wilderness (signed P. Conroy) contained themes
directly antithetical to deeper ecology, some of which I shall
note. I really hope the article was intended as some sort of
test or as a spoof; but I fear it wasn't.
1.
'The wonders of creation exist in the minds of humans'. The
three step argument to this, from the granted 'Nature is wondrous,
...' is quite fallacious. For one thing, it smuggles in the
assumption of a creation. Deep ecologists don't have to buy into
creation, or (what Conroy goes on to, in a version of the argument
from design I suppose) God(s). More important, the wonders of
nature are not confined to, and do not require, the minds of humans.
A core theme of deep ecology is that some natural things are
intrinsically valuable, worthwhile in themselves, independently of
any creatures, including humans. An alpine gentian does not owe
its value, its importance to humans.
For similar reasons the deep ecologist, who may embrace some
one of the more orthodox religions but need not, rejects both parts
of Conroy's supporting comparison:
'As light needs our eyes to give it reality, so [nature] around
us needs our constant assent', human affirmation. There was light,
as an element of nature, before humans evolved; there will be
light, and still some wonders of nature, when humans are gone, for
instance after nuclear annihilation.
It is the same on the genesis
account as it is on deep ecological assumptions: nature and light
were real, and also good, before man appeared on the scene (on the
seventh day).
2.
Admittedly some deeper ecological themes are picked up by
Conroy, for example 'the importance of relationships', especially
those of ecosystems. Unfortunately Conroy almost at once tries to
2/...
�2.
undermine this theme (a theme that runs counter to a main thrust
of Western philosophy, concerning the eliminability or secondary
character of relations) and in a human chauvinist way:
'Let us not
delude ourselves as to the basis for this'.
Relations too are
alleged to answer back to humans, and owe their importance to them:
again shallow, and surely mistaken, anthrocentricism. But Conroy
wants us to proceed to a strong form of this‘shallow doctrine:
'To
recognise the importance of our environment is to recognise the
importance of ourselves'. No; and certainly not on deeper thinking.
Environments free of humans, such as pure wilderness, can be
important; worlds devoid of humans beautiful, or ugly.
3.
'Humans do hold dominion over the earth';
'recognise your
kingship of the earth'. The dominion position, with which Conroy
gets quite carried away, is only one of various positions that the
shallow ecologist can adopt; others (delineated by Passmore) are
the stewardship and the perfectionist positions. It is however the
position most antithetical to the concerns of deep ecology.
4.
Conroy repudiates the theme of biological (or biospheric)
egalitarianism, often taken to be an ingredient of deep ecology, in
a decidedly arrogant way:
'To pretend we can treat ourselves as
equals with other organisms in our cohabitation of this planet is to
show an ignorance of the inevitable forces that continue to shape
human destinies everywhere' (it reminds me of the worst reaches of
German Ubermensch philosophy, Nietzsche to Hitler). An egalitarian
theme was tendered by Naess in his introduction of deep ecology, and
has certainly been built into the West Coast understanding of the
notion. And as Singer's work on "equality of consideration", and
other nonutilitarian work on respect has made plain, the theme can
be given relatively palatable construals. It remains however something
of an open question whether the theme is an essential ingredient of
deep ecology. My view is also that it is not; but I should not want
to have anything much to do with Conroy's human chauvinist (and
sometimes human fascist) case for ditching the theme.
Regrettably Naess's more recent account of deep ecology, in
terms of asking 'deeper and deeper questions', has further muddied
what started out by being d valuable and sufficiently clear notion.
Now a nuclear engineer who asks deeper questions, or any shallow
ecologist who 'probes the deepness of the human psyche', stands a
fair chance of passing perself off as a deep ecologist. I hope
however that Ths Deep Ecologist can maintain a deep relationship
with deep ecology.
Best wishes,
Richard
�The following has been redacted from access file (PDF) due to copyright restrictions.
Letter, John Martin to Richard Sylvan, 30 July 1983 re Martin replies to Sylvan's letter and
comments on an article published in The Deep Ecologist. (1 leaf)
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Notes, Correspondences and Marginalia
Description
An account of the resource
In one obituary, Sylvan's handwriting was said to have "looked like the oscilloscope for a patient in intensive care", and thus "not for the timid".
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Text
Any textual data included in the document
✓
f
/
/ Z
)
The Australian National University
■The Research School of Social Sciences
Department of Philosophy
reference
Post Office Box 4 Canberra ACT 2600
Telegrams & cables natuniv Canberra
Telex aa 62694 sopac
'telephone 062-49 $111
22 July 1983
John Martin
10 Alamein Avenue
WARRACKNABEAL
VIC
3393
Dear John,
Thank you for the July 83 copy of The Deep Ecologist.
I
certainly think that such a network newsletter is a fine idea (and
my sub. follows under separate cover).
I should confess, however, that I was alarmed by the extent
to which shallow ecology - which already has an excellent press had crept into the issue. In particular, the centerpiece article,
purportedly on wilderness (signed P. Conroy) contained themes
directly antithetical to deeper ecology, some of which I shall
note. I really hope the article was intended as some sort of
test or as a spoof; but I fear it wasn't.
1.
'The wonders of creation exist in the minds of humans'. The
three step argument to this, from the granted 'Nature is wondrous,
...' is quite fallacious. For one thing, it smuggles in the
assumption of a creation. Deep ecologists don't have to buy into
creation, or (what Conroy goes on to, in a version of the argument
from design I suppose) God(s). More important, the wonders of
nature are not confined to, and do not require, the minds of humans.
A core theme of deep ecology is that some natural things are
intrinsically valuable, worthwhile in themselves, independently of
any creatures, including humans. An alpine gentian does not owe
its value, its importance to humans.
For similar reasons the deep ecologist, who may embrace some
one of the more orthodox religions but need not, rejects both parts
of Conroy's supporting comparison:
'As light needs our eyes to give it reality, so [nature] around
us needs our constant assent', human affirmation. There was light,
as an element of nature, before humans evolved; there will be
light, and still some wonders of nature, when humans are gone, for
instance after nuclear annihilation.
It is the same on the genesis
account as it is on deep ecological assumptions: nature and light
were real, and also good, before man appeared on the scene (on the
seventh day).
2.
Admittedly some deeper ecological themes are picked up by
Conroy, for example 'the importance of relationships', especially
those of ecosystems. Unfortunately Conroy almost at once tries to
2/...
2.
undermine this theme (a theme that runs counter to a main thrust
of Western philosophy, concerning the eliminability or secondary
character of relations) and in a human chauvinist way:
'Let us not
delude ourselves as to the basis for this'.
Relations too are
alleged to answer back to humans, and owe their importance to them:
again shallow, and surely mistaken, anthrocentricism. But Conroy
wants us to proceed to a strong form of this‘shallow doctrine:
'To
recognise the importance of our environment is to recognise the
importance of ourselves'. No; and certainly not on deeper thinking.
Environments free of humans, such as pure wilderness, can be
important; worlds devoid of humans beautiful, or ugly.
3.
'Humans do hold dominion over the earth';
'recognise your
kingship of the earth'. The dominion position, with which Conroy
gets quite carried away, is only one of various positions that the
shallow ecologist can adopt; others (delineated by Passmore) are
the stewardship and the perfectionist positions. It is however the
position most antithetical to the concerns of deep ecology.
4.
Conroy repudiates the theme of biological (or biospheric)
egalitarianism, often taken to be an ingredient of deep ecology, in
a decidedly arrogant way:
'To pretend we can treat ourselves as
equals with other organisms in our cohabitation of this planet is to
show an ignorance of the inevitable forces that continue to shape
human destinies everywhere' (it reminds me of the worst reaches of
German Ubermensch philosophy, Nietzsche to Hitler). An egalitarian
theme was tendered by Naess in his introduction of deep ecology, and
has certainly been built into the West Coast understanding of the
notion. And as Singer's work on "equality of consideration", and
other nonutilitarian work on respect has made plain, the theme can
be given relatively palatable construals. It remains however something
of an open question whether the theme is an essential ingredient of
deep ecology. My view is also that it is not; but I should not want
to have anything much to do with Conroy's human chauvinist (and
sometimes human fascist) case for ditching the theme.
Regrettably Naess's more recent account of deep ecology, in
terms of asking 'deeper and deeper questions', has further muddied
what started out by being d valuable and sufficiently clear notion.
Now a nuclear engineer who asks deeper questions, or any shallow
ecologist who 'probes the deepness of the human psyche', stands a
fair chance of passing perself off as a deep ecologist. I hope
however that Ths Deep Ecologist can maintain a deep relationship
with deep ecology.
Best wishes,
Richard
The following has been redacted from access file (PDF) due to copyright restrictions.
Letter, John Martin to Richard Sylvan, 30 July 1983 re Martin replies to Sylvan's letter and
comments on an article published in The Deep Ecologist. (1 leaf)
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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Box 14, Item 1765: Correspondence between Richard Sylvan and John Martin, 2 letters, Jul 1983
Subject
The topic of the resource
Letter 1: Typescript on a Australian National University letter head. Letter dated 22 July 1983 to John Martin, Warracknabeal, VIC 3393. From Richard Sylvan, The Research School of Social Sciences, Department of Philosophy, The Australian National University. Sylvan sends feedback to Martin about an article published in The Deep Ecologist (July 183). John Martin was the founding editor of the Australian based newsletter, The Deep Ecologist. One of three copies of letter held in collection, two copies with annotations: Deep ecology notes ; Fred, please return newsletter [?]. Thanks for your comments, [?] things. [Richard?]. Letter 2: Handwritten letter dated 30 Jul 1983 to Richard Sylvan. From John Martin, Warracknabeal, VIC 3393. Martin replies to Sylvan's letter and comments on an article published in The Deep Ecologist.
Description
An account of the resource
Note, one of two papers digitised from item 1765. Letter from John Martin redacted from access file (PDF) due to copyright restrictions.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
<a href="https://antipodean-antinuclearism.org/items/browse?search=Richard+Sylvan&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=39&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=&public=&featured=&exhibit=&geolocation-mapped=&geolocation-address=&geolocation-latitude=&geolocation-longitude=&geolocation-radius=10&submit_search=Search+for+items">Richard Sylvan</a>
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<span class="MuiTypography-root-125 MuiTypography-body2-126">The University of Queensland's <a data-testid="rek-series" href="https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/records/search?page=1&pageSize=20&sortBy=score&sortDirection=Desc&searchQueryParams%5Brek_series%5D%5Bvalue%5D=Richard+Sylvan+Papers%2C+UQFL291&searchMode=advanced">Richard Sylvan Papers UQFL291</a></span>, Box 14, Item 1765
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
<a href="https://antipodean-antinuclearism.org">Antipodean Antinuclearism: (Re)constructing Richard Routley/Sylvan's Nuclear Philosophy</a>
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
July 23, 1983
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
This item was identified for digitisation at the request of The University of Queensland's 2020 Fryer Library Fellow, <a href="https://najtaylor.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Dr. N.A.J. Taylor</a>.
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
For all enquiries about this work, please contact the Fryer Library, The University of Queensland Library.
Format
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[7] leaves. 1.43 MB.
Type
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Correspondences
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
<a href="https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:4660a51">https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:4660a51</a>
Australian National University Office
Australian National University Office > Second Shelf > Bottom Shelf
Box 14: Green Projects in Progress
-
https://www.antipodean-antinuclearism.org/files/original/8a962b5798d431ed7a49e3c965d3293d.pdf
3793cc17bc61a17cc2d746104329864a
PDF Text
Text
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�The following has been redacted from access file (PDF) due to copyright restrictions.
Computer printout, draft paper with emendations and annotations, Intrinsic value, quantum
theory, and environmental ethics by J. Baird Callicott. Includes annotation addressed to
Professor Routley from J. Baird Callicott. (37 pages) Paper published, Callicott J B (1985)
‘Intrinsic Value, Quantum Theory, and Environmental Ethics’, Environmental Ethics, 7(3): 257275. https://doi.org/10.5840/enviroethics19857334
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Notes, Correspondences and Marginalia
Description
An account of the resource
In one obituary, Sylvan's handwriting was said to have "looked like the oscilloscope for a patient in intensive care", and thus "not for the timid".
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Text
Any textual data included in the document
'"T__
/
<'Y
J
/x
X<X
X
I
z
/
//.
/
c
f-vX'
‘'t Xr" Y
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e tZ<? Z C
z4 /X/
Xi
/z-
a
/
r
/XX «) -
YY/XX e X
X'X
xC <?—
C"
Z
j>ctYe^_Z^Z
l
-■
X-^—y X—-
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i/x /l t tC
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^i/'^
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XX
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Xr^x
6
,’ 'A/'
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7/XxY .
1
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The following has been redacted from access file (PDF) due to copyright restrictions.
Computer printout, draft paper with emendations and annotations, Intrinsic value, quantum
theory, and environmental ethics by J. Baird Callicott. Includes annotation addressed to
Professor Routley from J. Baird Callicott. (37 pages) Paper published, Callicott J B (1985)
‘Intrinsic Value, Quantum Theory, and Environmental Ethics’, Environmental Ethics, 7(3): 257275. https://doi.org/10.5840/enviroethics19857334
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Box 14, Item 1765: Letter, Richard Sylvan to J. Baird Callicott, 25 Oct c1985 ; Draft of Intrinsic value, quantum theory, and environmental ethics by J. Baird Callicott
Subject
The topic of the resource
Computer printout of draft paper with emendations and annotations. Includes annotation on title page, addressed to Professor Routley from J. Baird Callicott. Paper published, Callicott J B (1985) 'Intrinsic Value, Quantum Theory, and Environmental Ethics', Environmental Ethics, 7(3): 257-275, https://doi.org/10.5840/enviroethics19857334.
Description
An account of the resource
Note, one of two papers digitised from item 1765. Paper by J. Baird Callicott redacted from access file (PDF) due to copyright restrictions.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
<a href="https://antipodean-antinuclearism.org/items/browse?search=Richard+Sylvan&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=39&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=&public=&featured=&exhibit=&geolocation-mapped=&geolocation-address=&geolocation-latitude=&geolocation-longitude=&geolocation-radius=10&submit_search=Search+for+items">Richard Sylvan</a>
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<span class="MuiTypography-root-125 MuiTypography-body2-126">The University of Queensland's <a data-testid="rek-series" href="https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/records/search?page=1&pageSize=20&sortBy=score&sortDirection=Desc&searchQueryParams%5Brek_series%5D%5Bvalue%5D=Richard+Sylvan+Papers%2C+UQFL291&searchMode=advanced">Richard Sylvan Papers UQFL291</a></span>, Box 14, Item 1765
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
<a href="https://antipodean-antinuclearism.org">Antipodean Antinuclearism: (Re)constructing Richard Routley/Sylvan's Nuclear Philosophy</a>
Date
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October 25
Contributor
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This item was identified for digitisation at the request of The University of Queensland's 2020 Fryer Library Fellow, <a href="https://najtaylor.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Dr. N.A.J. Taylor</a>.
Rights
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For all enquiries about this work, please contact the Fryer Library, The University of Queensland Library.
Format
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[40] leaves. 1.73 MB.
Type
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Correspondences
Identifier
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<a href="https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:f77bd00">https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:f77bd00</a>
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Australian National University - Second Shelf - Bottom Shelf
Australian National University Office
Australian National University Office > Second Shelf > Bottom Shelf
Box 14: Green Projects in Progress